Self-reported recreational exercise combining regularity and impact is necessary to maximize bone mineral density in young adult women : A population-based study of 1,061 women 25 years of age.

Recreational physical activity in 25-year-old women in Sweden increases bone mineral density (BMD) in the trochanter by 5.5% when combining regularity and impact. Jogging and spinning were especially beneficial for hip BMD (6.4-8.5%). Women who enjoyed physical education in school maintained their higher activity level at age 25. INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of recreational exercise on BMD and describe how exercise patterns change with time in a normal population of young adult women. METHODS: In a population-based study of 1,061 women, age 25 (±0.2), BMD was measured at total body (TB-BMD), femoral neck (FN-BMD), trochanter (TR-BMD), and spine (LS-BMD). Self-reported physical activity status was assessed by questionnaire. Regularity of exercise was expressed as recreational activity level (RAL) and impact load as peak strain score (PSS). A permutation (COMB-RP) was used to evaluate combined endurance and impacts on bone mass. RESULTS: More than half of the women reported exercising on a regular basis and the most common activities were running, strength training, aerobics, and spinning. Seventy percent participated in at least one activity during the year. Women with high RAL or PSS had higher BMD in the hip (2.6-3.5%) and spine (1.5-2.1%), with the greatest differences resulting from PSS (p < 0.001-0.02). Combined regularity and impact (high-COMB-RP) conferred the greatest gains in BMD (FN 4.7%, TR 5.5%, LS 3.1%; p < 0.001) despite concomitant lower body weight. Jogging and spinning were particularly beneficial for hip BMD (+6.4-8.5%). Women with high-COMB-RP scores enjoyed physical education in school more and maintained higher activity levels throughout compared to those with low scores. CONCLUSION: Self-reported recreational levels of physical activity positively influence BMD in young adult women but to maximize BMD gains, regular, high-impact exercise is required. Enjoyment of exercise contributes to regularity of exercising which has short- and long-term implications for bone health

Hyperestrogenism Affects Adult Height Outcome in Growth Hormone Treated Boys With Silver-Russell Syndrome

Background: Intrauterine growth retardation and short stature are common features in Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). Despite recombinant growth hormone (rGH) treatment, poor pubertal height gain, affecting adult height (AH), is common. This study investigated whether growth patterns and estrogen concentrations are associated with AH outcome in rGH treated SRS males.Methods: In this retrospective longitudinal single-center study, 11 males with SRS were classified as non-responders (NR = 6) or responders (R = 5), depending on AH adjusted for midparental height. Epigenetic analysis and longitudinal growth measures, including bone age, rGH related parameters, pubertal development, gonadotropins and estrogen concentrations, were analyzed until AH.Results: Pubarche before 9 years was only observed in one NR. At 10 years of age, there was no difference in gonadotropins between NR and R. However, estradiol (E2) concentrations at 10 years of age showed a strong association to AH adjusted for MPH (r = −0.78, p &lt; 0.001). Serum E2 (pmol/L) was significantly higher in NR at ages 10 years [median (range) 2 (&lt;2–5) vs. &lt;2 (&lt;2)], 12 years [23 (10–57) vs. 2 (&lt;2–2)] and 14 years [77 (54–87) vs. 24 (&lt;2–38)] but not at 16 years. Birth weight standard deviation score (SDS) was lower in NR [−4.1 (−4.7 to −2.1) vs. −2.7 (−3.3 to −1.7)]. Weight gain (SDS) until pubertal onset was greater in NR [2.4 (1.4–3.5) vs. 0.8 (−0.4 to 1.7)] and pubertal height gain (SDS) was lower in NR [−1.0 (−2.7–0.4) vs. 0.1 (−0.1 to 1.1)]. At AH, a number of NR and R had high E2 concentrations and small testes.Conclusion: Increased E2 concentrations at age 10, 12, and 14 years were associated to less pubertal height gain, thus affecting AH. Due to the small number of patients, the results need to be confirmed in larger cohorts. The finding of impaired testicular development stresses the need of hormonal evaluation as a complement to clinical and radiological assessment when predicting AH in males with SRS

Maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and fetal growth: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Background: Acrylamide is a food contaminant linked to developmental toxicity in animals and possibly in humans. Objectives: We performed a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies evaluating the relationship between maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and the risk of being small for gestational age (SGA) and birth weight, birth head circumference and birth length. Methods: We performed the literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, until June 6th, 2022. Studies carried out in mother-newborn pairs, assessing maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy, either via dietary assessments or biomarkers i.e., hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (AA-Hb) and glycidamide (GA-Hb), and evaluating birth outcomes were included. We employed a random-effects model to assess the pooled effect estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between acrylamide exposure and birth outcomes. Risk of Bias for Nutrition Observational Studies tool was used for bias assessment. Results: Out of 169 records identified, five original studies were eligible, including 53,870 mother-newborn pairs in total. Means were 21.9 μg/day for estimated dietary acrylamide exposure (3 studies), and 18.4 and 14.9 pmol/g for AA-Hb and GA-Hb, respectively (2 studies). Higher risk of SGA and lower birth weight and head circumference were observed in the highest quartile of AA-Hb [odds ratio (OR): 1.20 (95% CI: 1.08; 1.33); mean difference (MD): -131 g (95% CI: -204; -58) and -0.31 cm (95% CI: -0.58; -0.04), respectively], and GA-Hb [OR: 1.36 (95% CI: 1.13; 1.64), MD: -161 g (95% CI: -271; -52); and MD: -0.38 cm (95% CI: -0.66; -0.10), respectively], whereas a lower birth length was observed only in the highest quartile of GA-Hb (MD: -0.85 cm (95% CI: -1.38; -0.33). Results from the dose-response meta-analysis between increasing maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and birth weight showed no clear evidence of a deviation from linearity. Conclusions: Overall, our findings strengthen the evidence of an adverse effect of maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth. These results encourage to increase preventive actions towards lowering acrylamide exposure in the population.This work was supported by the European Union Horizon-2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 733032 HBM4EU.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dietary acrylamide exposure and risk of site-specific cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

Copyright © 2022 Filippini, Halldorsson, Capitão, Martins, Giannakou, Hogervorst, Vinceti, Åkesson, Leander, Katsonouri, Santos, Virgolino and Laguzzi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Diet is a main source of acrylamide exposure to humans. Existing observational data on the relationship between dietary exposure to acrylamide and risk of cancer are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies evaluating the association between dietary acrylamide exposure and several site-specific cancer. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases until March 7, 2022. Studies were eligible if they were carried out in non-occupationally exposed adults, assessed dietary acrylamide exposure (µg/day) and reported risk estimates of cancer incidence (all but gynecological cancers). Using a random-effects model, we performed a metaanalysis of site-specific cancer risk comparing the highest vs. lowest category of dietary acrylamide exposure. We also carried out a one-stage dose-response metaanalysis assessing the shape of the association. Out of 1,994 papers screened, 31 were eligible (total of 16 studies), which included 1,151,189 participants in total, out of whom 48,175 developed cancer during the median follow-up period of 14.9 years (range 7.3–33.9). The mean estimated dose of dietary acrylamide across studies was 23 µg/day. Pooled analysis showed no association between the highest vs. lowest dietary acrylamide exposure and each site-specific cancer investigated, with no evidence of thresholds in the dose-response meta-analysis. There were also no associations between dietary acrylamide exposure and the risk of cancers when stratifying by smoking status, except for increased risk of lung cancer in smokers. In conclusion, high dietary acrylamide exposure was not associated with an increased risk of site-specific non-gynecological cancer.This work was supported by the European Union Horizon-2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 733032 HBM4EU.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Age-dependent variation of genotypes in MHC II transactivator gene (CIITA) in controls and association to type 1 diabetes

The major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator (CIITA) gene (16p13) has been reported to associate with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and myocardial infarction, recently also to celiac disease at genome-wide level. However, attempts to replicate association have been inconclusive. Previously, we have observed linkage to the CIITA region in Scandinavian type 1 diabetes (T1D) families. Here we analyze five Swedish T1D cohorts and a combined control material from previous studies of CIITA. We investigate how the genotype distribution within the CIITA gene varies depending on age, and the association to T1D. Unexpectedly, we find a significant difference in the genotype distribution for markers in CIITA (rs11074932, P=4 × 10(-5) and rs3087456, P=0.05) with respect to age, in the collected control material. This observation is replicated in an independent cohort material of about 2000 individuals (P=0.006, P=0.007). We also detect association to T1D for both markers, rs11074932 (P=0.004) and rs3087456 (P=0.001), after adjusting for age at sampling. The association remains independent of the adjacent T1D risk gene CLEC16A. Our results indicate an age-dependent variation in CIITA allele frequencies, a finding of relevance for the contrasting outcomes of previously published association studies.Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (2-2000-570) and (1-2001-873The Swedish Research CouncilSvenska Diabetes FondenBarndiabetes FondenNovo Nordisk FoundationMagnus Bergvalls FoundationNeuropromise (LSHM-CT-2005-018637)NIH grant DK-17047Swedish Brain Power initiativeGun and Bertil Stohne’s Foundation,Foundation for Old ServantsAlzheimer FoundationLIONS Foundation for Research of Age Related DisordersAFA foundationSöderberg FoundationKnut and Alice Wallenbergs FoundationManuscrip

Phylogeography and host specificity of Pasteurellaceae pathogenic to sea-farmed fish in the north-east Atlantic

The present study was undertaken to address the recent spate of pasteurellosis outbreaks among sea-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway and Scotland, coinciding with sporadic disease episodes in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) used for delousing purposes in salmon farms. Genome assemblies from 86 bacterial isolates cultured from diseased salmon or lumpfish confirmed them all as bona fide members of the Pasteurellaceae family, with phylogenetic reconstruction dividing them into two distinct branches sharing &lt;88% average nucleotide identity. These branches therefore constitute two separate species, namely Pasteurella skyensis and the as-yet invalidly named “Pasteurella atlantica”. Both species further stratify into multiple discrete genomovars (gv.) and/or lineages, each being nearly or fully exclusive to a particular host, geographic region, and/or time period. Pasteurellosis in lumpfish is, irrespective of spatiotemporal origin, linked almost exclusively to the highly conserved “P. atlantica gv. cyclopteri” (Pac). In contrast, pasteurellosis in Norwegian sea-farmed salmon, dominated since the late-1980s by “P. atlantica gv. salmonicida” (Pas), first saw three specific lineages (Pas-1, -2, and -3) causing separate, geographically restricted, and short-lived outbreaks, before a fourth (Pas-4) emerged recently and became more widely disseminated. A similar situation involving P. skyensis (Ps) has apparently been unfolding in Scottish salmon farming since the mid-1990s, where two historic (Ps-1 and -2) and one contemporary (Ps-3) lineages have been recorded. While the epidemiology underlying all these outbreaks/epizootics remains unclear, repeated detection of 16S rRNA gene amplicons very closely related to P. skyensis and “P. atlantica” from at least five cetacean species worldwide raises the question as to whether marine mammals may play a part, possibly as reservoirs. In fact, the close relationship between the studied isolates and Phocoenobacter uteri associated with harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and their relatively distant relationship with other members of the genus Pasteurella, suggests that both P. skyensis and “P. atlantica” should be moved to the genus Phocoenobacter

Standardization of serum creatinine is essential for accurate use of unbiased estimated GFR equations: evidence from three cohorts matched on renal function

peer reviewedABSTRACT Background Differences in the performance of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations have been attributed to the mathematical form of the equations and to differences between patient demographics and measurement methods. We evaluated differences in serum creatinine (SCr) and eGFR in cohorts matched for age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and measured GFR (mGFR). Methods White North Americans from Minnesota (n = 1093) and the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) (n = 1548) and White subjects from the European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) cohort (n = 7727) were matched for demographic patient characteristics (sex, age ± 3 years, BMI ± 2.5 kg/m2) and renal function (mGFR ± 3 ml/min/1.73 m2). SCr was measured with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)-traceable assays in the Minnesota and EKFC cohorts and with non-standardized SCr assays recalculated to IDMS in the CRIC. The Minnesota cohort and CRIC shared a common method to measure GFR (renal clearance of iothalamate), while the EKFC cohort used a variety of exogenous markers and methods, all with recognized sufficient accuracy. We compared the SCr levels and eGFR predictions [for Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and EKFC equations] of patients fulfilling these matching criteria. Results For 305 matched individuals, mean SCr (mg/dL) was not different between the Minnesota and EKFC cohorts (females 0.83 ± 0.20 versus 0.86 ± 0.23, males 1.06 ± 0.23 versus 1.12 ± 0.37; P &gt; .05) but significantly different from the CRIC [females 1.13 ± 0.23 (P &lt; .0001), males 1.42 ± 0.31 (P &lt; .0001)]. The CKD-EPI equations performed better than the EKFC equation in the CRIC, while the opposite was true in the Minnesota and EKFC cohorts. Conclusion Significant differences in SCr concentrations between the Minnesota and EKFC cohorts versus CRIC were observed in subjects with the same level of mGFR and equal demographic characteristics and can be explained by the difference in SCr calibration