Carbofuran biodegradation by an autochthonous trichoderma sp. and its potential use for the bioremediation of contaminated soils

El Carbofuran es un plaguicida N-metilcarbamato, inestable que se hidroliza en el ambiente y sus residuos se han detectado en aguas subterráneas. Los hongos celulolíticos como Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Trichoderma entre otros son conocidos por tolerar y biodegradar contaminantes tóxicos como los plaguicidas (Clordano, Lindano, DDT) e hidrocarburos. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en aislar una cepa de Trichoderma autóctona de los suelos de Maimará (Jujuy) con capacidad de tolerar el Carbofuran e investigar su viabilidad frente al agroquímico cuya permanencia fue determinada experimentalmente. En condiciones de laboratorio se determinó la concentración de Carbofuran en suelos de Maimará, además se realizó una curva de degradación abiótica del tóxico. También se aisló la cepa Trichoderma sp. del suelo antes mencionado y se la expuso a diferentes concentraciones de Carbofuran durante 120 h, donde se midió el desarrollo micelial (DM), se calculó el porcentaje de inhibición del desarrollo (PID), se cuantificó el número de conidios y el porcentaje de germinación.El Carbofuran se degradó con una cinética de primer orden en un 64%, habiendo transcurrido 45 días desde la aplicación, el tiempo de vida media fue 33 días. La cepa Trichoderma sp., se expuso a concentraciones de 35, 98, 177, 315 mg/L de Carbofuran, donde no se observó inhibición en el crecimiento y el conteo de conidios no presentó diferencia significativa (p > 0.05) respecto al control. En todos los tratamientos el porcentaje de germinación fue aproximadamente de un 100% respecto al control.Carbofuran is an unstable N-methylcarbamate pesticide that hydrolyses in the environment and its residues have been detected in groundwater. The cellulolytic fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium and Trichoderma among others are recognized for tolerating and biodegrading toxic contaminants such as pesticides (Chlordane, Lindane, DDT) and Hydrocarbons. The objective of this work was to isolate an autochthonous microorganism from Maimará soils (Jujuy) with the capacity to tolerate Carbofuran, and to research its viability in the presence of the agrochemical whose permanence was determined experimentally. Carbofuran concentration in Maimará soils was determined under laboratory conditions. In addition, a new curve of toxic abiotic degradation was carried out. The Trichoderma sp. strain was isolated from the aforementioned soil and exposed to Carbofuran for 120 h, the mycelial development (MD) was measured, the percentage of development inhibition (PDI) was calculated, development inhibition percentage was calculated, the number of conidia and the percentage of germination were quantified. Carbofuran was degraded to 64% with first-order kinetics after 45 days of application, the average life time was 33 days. The Trichoderma sp. strain was exposed to 35, 98, 177, 315 mg / L concentrations of Carbofuran and no inhibition was observed, the conidia count showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) according to control. The germination percentage, in all the treatments, was close to 100% according to control.Fil: Romero, Alejandra Eunice. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Yañez, Luciano Matías. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Maldonado, Marcos Javier. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Choque, Daniela Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Ávila Carreras, María Elisa Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries