Resposta de Handroanthus heptaphyllus Mattos em diferentes volumes de substrato e adubação de base.

As espécies florestais nativas necessitam da adoção de práticas adequadas em viveiro, como a definição do volume de recipiente e adubação de base. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar parâmetros morfológicos capazes de identificar o tamanho de recipiente e dose de fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC) adequados à produção de mudas de H. heptaphyllus. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 2x4, consistindo em dois tamanhos de recipiente (110 e 180 cm³) e quatro doses de FLC (0; 2.5; 5.0 e 7.5 g L-1 de substrato). Ao final do ciclo de produção das mudas, 180 dias após o semeio, mensurou-se a altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca (aérea, radicular e total), razão massa seca aérea/massa seca radicular, Índice de Qualidade de Dickson, e área foliar. Na condição deste estudo, a massa seca total demonstrou ser um parâmetro robusto para predizer sobre a qualidade de mudas de H. heptaphyllus. Recomenda-se o tubete de 180 cm³ e dose mínima de 7,0 g L-1 de FLC. A espécie H. heptaphyllus é nutricionalmente exigente, respondendo positivamente a altas doses de FLC.Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Martius) Mattos response in different volumes of substrate and base fertilization. The native forest species require the adoption of appropriate practices in the nursery, such as the definition of the container volume and base fertilizer, to develop seedlings at lower cost. Thus, this study aimed to verify the performance of Handroanthus heptaphyllus seedlings grown in nurseries in different sizes of containers and different dosage of controlled release fertilizer (CRF). There was interaction between the volume of container and the fertilization for the height (H), stem diameter (SD), and H/SD relation. The shoot dry mass variable (SDM), root dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (TDM), SDM/RDM relation, Dickson quality index (DCI) and leaf area (LA) were influenced only by the base fertilizer. The highest values for these variables were, respectively, 15.68 cm; 6.55 mm, 2.58 cm mm-1; 2.05 g; 2.03 g; 3.84 g; 1.46; 1.15 and 246.97 cm². The H. heptaphyllus species is nutritionally demanding, positively responding to the high dose of CRF. Seedlings of H. heptaphyllus produced in tubes of 180 cm³ with 7.0 g L-1 of CRF present adequate growth

GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF Balfourodendron riedelianum SEEDLINGS IN THE NURSERY AND IN THE FIELD

The present study aimed to determine the effect of different container volumes and doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) on the morphophysiological aspects of Balfourodendron riedelianum seedlings in the nursery and verify if these responses were replicated in the field. For the production of seedlings in nursery, three container volumes (180 and 280 cm³ polypropylene tubes and 500 cm³ plastic bags) and four doses of CRF (0, 4, 8, and 12 g L-1 of substrate) were tested, and the seedlings were grown for 240 days. At the end of the nursery period, the following parameters were measured: height (H); stem diameter (SD); dry mass of shoot, root, and total; root length; leaf area; and chlorophyll fluorescence. The H/SD ratio and the Dickson Quality Index were calculated. The same treatments were evaluated in the field at 540 days after planting. Survival, height, and diameter increase, aerial dry mass, leaf area, chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll index (a, b and total) were measured. Basic fertilization using CRF had a positive influence on the production of B. riedelianum seedlings. It is recommended to use a 180 cm³ tube and a dose of 12 g L-1 CRF for the production of seedlings. The results obtained in the nursery for the production of seedlings were confirmed to occur in the field

GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF Cordia trichotoma SEEDLINGS IN RESPONSE TO FERTILIZATION WITH PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM

The cultivation of native tree species of economic and environmental interest, such as Cordia trichotoma, still depends on nutritional information. This study aimed to identify the effect of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application on the growth and photosynthetic activity of seedlings of Cordia trichotoma. In a greenhouse, ten treatments were tested considering three levels of P (150, 300, and 450 mg dm-3 ), three of K (50, 100, and 150 mg dm-3 ) and a control sample (with no fertilization). Pots filled with Red Argisol were used. At 180 days after prick, the following variables were evaluated: shoot height, stem diameter, area dry matter, root dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments. The supplementation with P and K promoted increased growth and photosynthetic capacity of the seedlings. The treatment with 450 mg dm-3 of P and 50 mg dm-3 of K provided the highest growth and the best use of the light energy by the photosystem II (Fv/Fm = 0.76), as well as lower energy loss index (Fo = 172.5). It is recommended the application of 450 mg dm-3 of P and 50 mg dm-3 of K, with the aim at higher growth and photosynthetic rate of seedlings of C. trichotomaThe cultivation of native tree species of economic and environmental interest, such as Cordia trichotoma, still depends on nutritional information. This study aimed to identify the effect of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) application on the growth and photosynthetic activity of seedlings of Cordia trichotoma. In a greenhouse, ten treatments were tested considering three levels of P (150, 300, and 450 mg dm-3), three of K (50, 100, and 150 mg dm-3) and a control sample (with no fertilization). Pots filled with Red Argisol were used. At 180 days after prick, the following variables were evaluated: shoot height, stem diameter, area dry matter, root dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments. The supplementation with P and K promoted increased growth and photosynthetic capacity of the seedlings. The treatment with 450 mg dm-3 of P and 50 mg dm-3 of K provided the highest growth and the best use of the light energy by the photosystem II (Fv/Fm = 0.76), as well as lower energy loss index (Fo = 172.5). It is recommended the application of 450 mg dm-3 of P and 50 mg dm-3 of K, with the aim at higher growth and photosynthetic rate of seedlings of C. trichotoma

SUPERVIVENCIA Y CRECIMIENTO INICIAL DE Parapiptadenia rigida EN CAMPO

 El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento de plantas de Parapiptadenia rigida, producidas en vivero con diferentes volúmenes de contenedor y dosis de fertilizante de liberación controlada (FLC), y su crecimiento posterior al trasplante en campo. Las plantas fueron producidas utilizando los siguientes factores: tres volúmenes de contenedor 50, 110 y 180 cm3 y cinco dosis de FLC: 0 (testigo), 3, 6, 9 y 12 g L-1 de sustrato, en diseño completamente aleatorio, con cuatro repeticiones. A los 210 días posterior a la siembra, se verificó la altura (H), diámetro de cuello (DC) y relación H/DC de las plantas. Posterior a esa evaluación, se realizó el trasplante a campo, siguiendo los mismos tratamientos de vivero, pero en bloques al azar. Pasados 30 días de la implantación del experimento en campo se evaluó el porcentaje de supervivencia de las plantas, y a los 300 días se verificó el incremento en altura (IH) y diámetro del cuello (IDC); y la relación IH/IDC. Para la producción de plantas en vivero, el contenedor de 180 cm3 proporcionó elevado crecimiento, siendo dependiente de la dosis de FLC utilizada, la cual debe estar entre 6 y 9 g L-1. Los resultados obtenidos en vivero se confirmaron en campo para el contenedor utilizado, con mayor supervivencia e incremento para el tubete de 180 cm3. Para la dosis de fertilización, los resultados obtenidos en la producción de plantas se reflejaron solamente en la supervivencia inicial.Palabras-clave: especie forestal nativa, fertilizante de liberación controlada, volumen de contenedor. ResumoSobrevivência e crescimento inicial de Parapiptadenia rigida a campo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento de mudas de Parapiptadenia rigida, produzidas no viveiro com diferentes volumes de recipientes e doses de fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC), e seu crescimento após plantio no campo. As mudas foram produzidas utilizando os seguintes fatores: três volumes de recipientes 50, 110 e 180 cm³ e cinco doses de FLC: 0 (testemunha), 3, 6, 9, e 12 g L-1 de substrato, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Aos 210 dias após a semeadura, verificou-se a altura (H), diâmetro do coleto (DC) e relação H/DC das mudas. Posterior a essa avaliação, ocorreu o plantio dessas mudas a campo, seguindo os mesmos tratamentos de viveiro, em blocos ao acaso. Após 30 dias da implantação do experimento no campo avaliou-se a percentagem de sobrevivência das mudas, e aos 300 dias verificou-se o incremento em altura (IH) e diâmetro do coleto (IDC); e a relação IH/IDC. Para a produção das mudas em viveiro, o recipiente de 180 cm³ proporcionou elevado crescimento, sendo dependente da dose de FLC utilizada, a qual deve estar entre 6 e 9 g L-1. Os resultados obtidos em viveiro se confirmaram a campo para o recipiente testado, com maiores sobrevivência e incremento para o tubete de 180 cm³. Por outro lado, para a dose de adubação, os resultados obtidos na produção de mudas se refletiram apenas na sobrevivência inicial.Palavras-chave: espécie florestal nativa, fertilizante de liberação controlada, volume de recipiente

REDUÇÃO DA ADUBAÇÃO E MELHORIA DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DO SUBSTRATO COM O USO DO HIDROGEL NA PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden

The aim of the study was to evaluate if the presence of hydrogel affects the physical and chemical properties of the substrate and the ratio of hydrogel in the fertilization rates of developing seedlings. In the substrate with and without hydrogel, it was carried out an analysis for the chemical and physical characteristics. The production of seedlings was conducted in a greenhouse under reduced irrigation using a randomized design factorial arrangement 2 X 6 in which the levels of factor ‘A’ referred to the presence (6 g L-1) or absence of hydrogel and the levels of  factor ‘B’ to the doses of controlled-release fertilizer - FLC (0; 25; 50; 75; 100 and 125% of the usual dosage). After 90 days of sowing, there was the evaluation of morphological parameters of seedlings. The use of hydrogel showed improvement of physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate, especially the attributes involving water retention and availability of the plants. Together with the addition of hydrogel and approximately 50-75% of conventional fertilization, there was an increase in height, diameter collect, dry mass, root and all, in addition to the Dickson Quality Index. Along with the use of hydrogel and fertilization over 100%, the growth of seedlings decreased. On the other hand, without the addition of the polymer, the best performance was obtained from seedlings at doses higher than 100% of conventional fertilization. In general, the use of the polymer allows a reduction of at least 25% of the conventional fertilization (6 g L-1), reaching up to 50%.O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a presença do hidrogel afeta as propriedades físicas e químicas do substrato e a relação do hidrogel com doses de adubação no desenvolvimento de mudas. No substrato com presença e ausência do hidrogel foi realizada análise de características químicas e físicas. A produção de mudas foi conduzida em casa de vegetação sob irrigação reduzida, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo bifatorial 2 x 6, em que os níveis do fator “A” referiram-se a presença (6 g L-1) ou ausência do hidrogel e os níveis do fator “B”, às doses do fertilizante de liberação controlada – FLC (0; 25; 50; 75; 100 e 125% da dose usual). Após 90 dias de semeadura foi realizada a avaliação de parâmetros morfológicos das mudas. O uso do hidrogel apresentou melhoria das características físicas e químicas do substrato, principalmente aos atributos que envolvem retenção e disponibilização de água às plantas. Com a adição do hidrogel e aproximadamente 50-75% da adubação convencional, houve aumento da altura, diâmetro de coleto, massa seca radicular e total, além do índice de qualidade de Dickson. Com o uso do hidrogel e adubação superior a 100% há redução do crescimento das mudas. Já, sem a adição do polímero, o melhor desempenho das mudas é obtido com doses superiores a 100% da adubação convencional. Em geral, o uso do polímero permite a redução em, pelo menos, 25% da adubação convencional (6 g L-1), podendo ser reduzida em até 50%

Hidrogel enables use of reduction of irrigation and improves the inicial grownth of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden seedlings

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar se o hidrogel permite redução do consumo de água de irrigação e a influência sobre o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii. Na semeadura foi adicionado o hidrogel (0; 3 e 6 g L-1) ao substrato, os quais constituíram o fator “A” do esquema fatorial. Foi realizada análise das características físicas e químicas do substrato, conforme o tratamento. Quarenta dias após semeadura as mudas foram colocadas em área de pleno sol aplicando-se diferentes lâminas de irrigação (4; 8; 12; 16 e 20 mm dia-1), constituindo o fator “B”. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Após 50 dias em pleno sol foi realizada avaliação de parâmetros morfológicos das mudas. O uso do hidrogel apresentou melhoria das características físicas e químicas do substrato. Na ausência do hidrogel, o maior desenvolvimento das mudas foi obtido com maiores lâminas de irrigação (16 e 20 mm dia-1). O maior crescimento das mudas foi obtido com 3 g L-1 de hidrogel e redução da irrigação (12 mm dia-1). Com a utilização do hidrogel há possibilidade de reduzir as lâminas de irrigação, e consequentemente do uso da água, aumentando a qualidade das mudas.The objective of this study was to analyze if hydrogel allows a reduction in water consumption and irrigation and its influence on growth and quality of seedlings of [i>Eucalyptus dunnii. The sowing was added to the hydrogel substrate (0, 3 and 6 g L-1), which constituted the factor “A” factorial. Analysis was performed on physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate as treatment. Forty days after sowing the seedlings were placed in an area of full sun and applying different irrigation levels (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mm day-1), constituting the factor “B”. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. After 50 days in full sun evaluation was performed on the morphological parameters of the seedlings. The use of the hydrogel resulted in improved physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate. In the absence of hydrogel, the best development of seedlings was obtained with higher irrigation (16 and 20 mm day-1). The highest growth was obtained with 3 g L-1 hydrogel and reduced irrigation (12 mm day-1). With the use of hydrogel it is possible to reduce the irrigation and water use, thereby increasing the quality of seedlings

Storage and germination of seeds of Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Mart.) Mattos

The aim of this study was to determine the substrate and the most suitable sowing method for germination, as well as the environment for storage of Handroanthus heptaphyllus seeds (ipê-roxo), and infer the health quality provided by different packaging. Experiment 1 has assessed the treatments (substrates - blotting paper, filter paper, vermiculite, sand, besides paper roll; and sowing methods - among and on the substrates). Experiment 2 has assessed storage in three environments (air conditioned room - 18 °C and 49% of relative humidity (RH); cold and wet chamber - 8 °C and 80% RH; and dry and cold chamber - 7.5 ºC and 55% RH) , for 300 days. Handroanthus heptaphyllus seed germination test can be performed using seeding among blotting paper, vermiculite, on sand, between sand, on vermiculite and between filter paper. The storage of the seeds in plastic bags kept in an air conditioned room and/or in a dry and cold chamber is suitable for the preservation of Handroanthus heptaphyllus seeds for a period of 300 days. The packaging in a dry and cold chamber environment has provided a lower incidence of fungi associated with the Handroanthus heptaphyllus seeds

Storage and germination of seeds of Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Mart.) Mattos

The aim of this study was to determine the substrate and the most suitable sowing method for germination, as well as the environment for storage of Handroanthus heptaphyllus seeds (ipê-roxo), and infer the health quality provided by different packaging. Experiment 1 has assessed the treatments (substrates - blotting paper, filter paper, vermiculite, sand, besides paper roll; and sowing methods - among and on the substrates). Experiment 2 has assessed storage in three environments (air conditioned room - 18 °C and 49% of relative humidity (RH); cold and wet chamber - 8 °C and 80% RH; and dry and cold chamber - 7.5 ºC and 55% RH) , for 300 days. Handroanthus heptaphyllus seed germination test can be performed using seeding among blotting paper, vermiculite, on sand, between sand, on vermiculite and between filter paper. The storage of the seeds in plastic bags kept in an air conditioned room and/or in a dry and cold chamber is suitable for the preservation of Handroanthus heptaphyllus seeds for a period of 300 days. The packaging in a dry and cold chamber environment has provided a lower incidence of fungi associated with the Handroanthus heptaphyllus seeds

Local Factors Impact Accuracy of Garlic Tissue Test Diagnosis

The low productivity of garlic in Brazil requires more efficient nutritional management. For this, environmental and fertilization-related factors must be adjusted to a set of local conditions. Our objective was to provide an accurate diagnosis of the nutrient status of garlic crops in southern Brazil. The dataset comprised 1024 observations, 962 as field tests conducted during the 2015–2017 period to train the model, and 61 field observations collected during the 2018–2019 period to validate the model. Machine learning models (MLM) related garlic yield to managerial, edaphic, plant, and climatic features. Compositional data analysis (CoDa) methods allowed classification of nutrients in the order of limitation to yield where MLM detected nutrient imbalance. Tissue analysis alone returned an accuracy of 0.750 in regression and 0.891 in classification about the yield cutoff of 11 ton ha−1. Adding all features documented in the dataset, accuracy reached 0.855 in regression and 0.912 in classification. Local diagnosis based on MLM and CoDa and accounting for local features differed from regional diagnosis across features. Local nutrient diagnosis may differ from regional diagnosis because several yield-impacting factors are taken into account and benchmark compositions are representative of local conditions