Prevalence of Perineal Tear Peripartum after Two Antepartum Perineal Massage Techniques: A Non-Randomised Controlled Trial

[EN] Perineal massage increases elasticity of myofascial perineal tissue and decreases the burn-ing and perineal pain during labour, thus optimising child birth, although an application protocol has not been standardised yet. The objective of this study is to determine the efficiency of massage in perineal tear prevention and identification of possible differences in massage application. Total of 90 pregnant participants were divided into three groups: perineal massage and EPI-NO® device group, applied by an expert physiotherapist, self-massage group, where women were instructed to apply perineal massage in domestic household, and a control group, which received ordinary obstetric attention. Results: The results showed significant differences among the control group and the two perineal massage groups in perineal postpartum pain. Correlations in perineal postpartum pain, labour duration and the baby’s weight were not statistically significant. Lithotomy posture was significantly less prevalent in the massage group than in the other two; this variable is known to have a direct effect on episiotomy incidence and could act as a causal covariate of the different incidence of episiotomy in the groups. Perineal massage reduces postpartum perineal pain, prevalence and severity of perineal tear during delivery.S

Perineal Massage during Pregnancy for the Prevention of Postpartum Urinary Incontinence: Controlled Clinical Trial

[EN] Background and objectives: Urinary incontinence is any involuntary loss of urine. It may result in anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and social isolation. Perineal massage has spread as a prophylactic technique for treating complications during labor. Acknowledged effects of perineal massage are reduction of incidence and severity of perineal tear and use of equipment directly related to the intrapartum perineal trauma. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of massage in urinary incontinence prevention and identification of possible differences in its form of application (self-massage or by a physiotherapist), with the previous assumption that it is effective and that there are differences between the different forms of application. Materials and Methods: A controlled clinical trial with a sample of 81 pregnant women was conducted. The participants were divided into three groups: a group that received the massage applied by a specialized physiotherapist, another group that applied the massage to themselves, and a control group that only received ordinary obstetric care. Results: No differences were identified in the incidence or severity of urinary incontinence among the three groups. The severity of the incontinence was only affected by the body mass index and the weight of the baby at the time of delivery. Conclusions: A relationship between perineal massage interventions and development of urinary incontinence has not been observed.S

Perceptions and Degree of Satisfaction with the Health Sciences University Educational Community Regarding the Measures Adopted for the Prevention of COVID-19 in the Academic Year 2020/2021

[EN] The COVID-19 pandemic caused the start of the academic year 2020/2021 to be conditioned by health and safety regulations. The present research was defined with the aim of analyzing the degree of satisfaction and perceptions on the establishment of bubble groups and pairs and on the use of audiovisual platforms for the development of theoretical and practical university teaching in three degrees of health sciences. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on a representative sample of students and teachers of health sciences in Ponferrada (n = 285). Specific questionnaires designed for this study were completed virtually during April and May 2021. The results indicate that that satisfaction was moderate–high. The perception of the influence of bubble pairs on the quality of teaching can be interpreted as very low. These results increase with the age and academic and professional experience of students and faculty members, respectively. However, the participants belonging to physiotherapy considered that the quality of teaching had worsened much more compared to their counterparts in nursing and podiatry.S

Mental health and its influence on empathy in health science students.

[EN] INTRODUCCIÓN: Over the past decade, there has been an increase in college students experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Empathy, defined as the intention of the health professional, to remain in the patient's frame of reference, understanding the patient's feelings and demonstrating this understanding, is considered one of the main attributes for carrying out the therapeutic relationship. OBJETIVOS: To describe the levels of mental health and empathy among the Health Sciences students of the Ponferrada Campus of the University of León. To analyze the influence of mental health on empathy. METODOLOGÍA: Cross-sectional descriptive study. An ad hoc questionnaire with Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and Global Health Questionnaire - 12 questionnaires were administered to Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry Degrees of the Ponferrada Campus of the University of León. RESULTADOS: 247 students responded, 168 women (68%). women scored statistically higher (p < 0.001) in empathy in the four dimensions of the IRI (fantasy, perspective-taking, empathic concern and personal discomfort). 136 Students (55%) scored compatible with a possible mental disorder on the Global Health Questionnaire - 12. Of these, 107 were women (63.9%) and 29 men (36.1%), with statistically significant differences between the sexes (p < 0.001), with women achieving higher scores. The Global Health Questionnaire - 12 correlated statistically significantly with the component "Empathic Concern (r = 0.3, p =0.0001) and Personal Distress (r = 0.4, p < 0.001), with no correlation in either "Fantasy" or "Perspective Taking". CONCLUSIÓN: More than half of the health sciences students are at risk for poor mental health. This percentage increases in women. Women have greater empathy. Mental health influences the affective dimensions of empathy, so that the worse the mental health, the more personal discomfort and empathic concern can generate relationships with patients, which can alter the quality of the therapeutic relationship and the care administered

Mental health and self-regulation of learning in health science undergraduate students: relationship with gender, age and degree

[EN] INTRODUCCIÓN: It is particularly relevant to consider the mental health of university students because there is evidence that approximately 75% of mental health problems appear in the second decade of life. In addition to the impact on quality of life, mental health problems can affect students' learning processes and academic performance. OBJETIVOS: The aim was to analyse mental health and self-regulation of learning in Health Sciences undergraduate students and its relationship with gender, age and degree. METODOLOGÍA: DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of students of the Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry degrees of the Ponferrada Campus of the University of León (Spain). INSTRUMENTS An ad hoc questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic variables. The Global Health Questionnaire-12 was used to determine the state of mental health and self-regulation of learning was determined by means of the Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire, both instruments validated in Spanish. PROCEDURE The questionnaires were self-completed in person in May and June 2023. Statistical analysis was performed with Stata. RESULTADOS: The sample consisted of 247 participants, with a mean age of 21.7±4.5 Years, of whom 168 (68%) were women. In terms of degree, there were more students with a degree in Physiotherapy (56.3%). The total score on the Global Health Questionnaire-12 was 12.9±6.4 Points, with significant differences between both sexes, with the mental health of women being worse (p<0.001). The total score on the Learning Self-Regulation Questionnaire was 55±10.2 Points, with no statistically significant differences by age, gender or degree. Correlation analysis revealed no association between mental health and self-regulation of learning. CONCLUSIÓN: Undergraduate students of Health Sciences have a state of mental health compatible with suffering from a psycho-emotional disorder, with women's mental health being worse. They have a moderate capacity for self-regulation of learning. There are no differences linked to age or degree

Predominance of kinesthetic learning among health sciences undergraduate students.

[EN] INTRODUCCIÓN: The promotion of effective learning at the university level requires adaptation to the evolving circumstances characterizing contemporary student populations. The distinct learning styles adopted by students can exert a substantial impact on their approach to various academic tasks and activities, both within and outside the classroom. OBJETIVOS: The aim of this study was to determine the most common learning styles among Health Science students and identify differences based on their degree programs. METODOLOGÍA: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted during the academic year 2022-2023 and involved students enrolled in the Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry programs at the University of León. Data collection involved the utilization of a self-administered questionnaire encompassing sociodemographic inquiries and the administration of the VAK Learning Styles Test. Analysis of variance among the groups was performed with ANOVA. RESULTADOS: A total of 247 students participated (16.6% nursing, 56.3% physiotherapy, and 27.1% podiatry). The mean age of the participants was 21.7±4.5 years. The análisis revealed that a substantial majority of the student cohort (50.6%) exhibited kinesthetic learning preferences, followed by visual learners (15.4%), and auditory learners (15.4%). Notably, a proportion of students presented mixed learning styles, with the most prominent combination being kinesthetic and visual learning. When examining specific programs, Nursing and Physiotherapy students predominantly adopted visual learning as their secondary preference, while among Podiatry students, auditory learning emerged as the second most frequent choice. These distinctions achieved statistical significance when compared across the academic programs (p=0.007). CONCLUSIÓN: In this study, students pursuing Health Science degrees displayed a pronounced predilection for kinesthetic learning. Multiple studies underscore the potential impact of technology on the learning methodologies employed by present-day generations

Physical Education and the development of autonomy: the perception of the students of Secondary Education

Este estudio se centró en conocer la percepción del alumnado sobre el apoyo docente al desarrollo de su autonomía en Educación Física (EF). Se aplicó la Escala de Percepción de Apoyo a la Autonomía en las Clases de Educación Física (EPAACEF), diseñada por los autores de este artículo y validada con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. La escala, conteniendo 34 ítems, agrupados en cuatro dimensiones, fue aplicada a 721 alumnos y alumnas de Educación Secundaria (347 chicas), con una media de edad de 14.4 (±1.5) años. Este alumnado recibe clases de EF de siete docentes, con formación específica en EF y diferente experiencia en la enseñanza. Los resultados muestran la idoneidad de diseñar la EPAACEF, porque permite valorar los comportamientos docentes desde una perspectiva más sistémica, pudiendo afirmar que, según la percepción del alumnado, los comportamientos que apoyarían un desarrollo de su autonomía se producen con una frecuencia «moderadamente baja». Los docentes obtienen mejores resultados en los comportamientos relacionados con la atención a la motivación, y con la atención al desarrollo cognitivo y metacognitivo, debiendo atender más a las necesidades del alumnado relacionadas con los ritmos de aprendizaje y con fomento de sugerencias y participación activa. Analizando la EPAACEF globalmente no se producen diferencias significativas en función del género y de la edad, pero sí en alguna de las dimensionesThis study focused on the perception of students on the teaching support to the development of their autonomy in Physical Education (PE). The Autonomy Support Perception Scale in the Physical Education Classes (EPAACEF), designed by the authors of this article and validated with adequate psychometric properties, was applied. The scale, containing 34 items, grouped in four dimensions, was applied to 721 students of secondary education (347 girls), with a mean age of 14.4 (± 1.5) years. These students receive PE classes of seven teachers, with specific training in PE and different teaching experience. The results show the appropriateness and validity of the EPAACEF, because it allows evaluating teacher behaviours from a more systemic perspective, being able to affirm that, according to the perception of the students, the behaviours that would support a development of their autonomy occur with a frequency «moderately low». Teachers obtain better results in the behaviours related to attention to motivation, and attention to cognitive and metacognitive development. They must attend more to the needs of students related to learning rhythms and encouraging suggestions and active participation. Analysing the EPAACEF globally, there are no significant differences in terms of gender and age, but exist in some of the dimension

Models and modular housing: the experience of Ricardo Bofill’s Taller de Arquitectura

[EN] In the beginning of Taller de Arquitectura models were used as an instrument of propaganda and communication, as a way of transmitting the benefits of the project to a potential client. However, after the visit made at the late sixties by some members of the group to Rafael Leoz’s studio, they began to use models as a working tool. Models became an indispensable aid to develop their ideas about modular housing, in order to create projects of great complexity, such as their City in Space.[ES] Al inicio de la actividad de Taller de Arquitectura las maquetas se utilizaban como un instrumento de propaganda y comunicación, una forma de transmitir las bondades del proyecto al posible cliente. Sin embargo, tras la visita que hicieron algunos miembros del Taller al estudio de Rafael Leoz a finales de los años sesenta, comenzaron a utilizar las maquetas como un instrumento de trabajo, llegando a convertirse en una ayuda indispensable para desarrollar sus ideas sobre la vivienda modular y lograr formalizar proyectos de gran complejidad formal, como el de la Ciudad en el Espacio.Álvarez Arce, R.; Galván Desvaux, N.; Martínez Rodríguez, JM. (2021). Maquetas y vivienda modular: la experiencia del taller de arquitectura de Ricardo Bofill. EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 26(43):182-193. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2021.14537OJS1821932643BERGERA, Iñaki (ed.) 2016. Cámara y modelo: Fotografía de maquetas de arquitectura en España 1925-1970. Madrid: Fundación Ico.CARAZO LEFORT, E. 2018. "La maqueta como realidad y como representación: Breve recorrido por la maqueta de arquitectura". EGA: Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica, 34, 158-171. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2018.10849GARCÍA HERNANDEZ, Pedro. 2011. La agregación modular como mecanismo proyectual residencial en España: El taller de Arquitectura. Tesis Doctoral inédita. Universidad Ramón Llull.KRIS, Ernst. 1964. "Esthetic Ambiguity". Psicoanálisis de lo cómico y psicología de los procesos creadores. Buenos Aires: Paidos.LÓPEZ DÍAZ, Jesús. 2012. "El módulo ELE de Rafael Leoz, una historia de contradicciones: del éxito internacional a la difícil relación con la arquitectura Española". RA: Revista de arquitectura, 14, 37-50.MONTES SERRANO, Carlos. 2008. "Le cose confuse destano la mente", en Enrique Rabasa, Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. Madrid: Instituto Juan de Herrera, 599-605.MONTES SERRANO, Carlos; ALONSO RODRÍGUEZ, Marta. 2018. "Las diez maquetas de la Modern Architecture Exhibition, 1932". EGA: Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica, 32, 36-47. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2018.8994RODRIGUEZ PRADA, Víctor. 2016. "La generación del estructuralismo holandés a través de sus maquetas: El caso de Herman Hertzberger, 1958-1968". Proyecto. Progreso.Arquitectura. 15, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.12795/ppa.2016.i15.07VV.AA. 1968. Hacia una formalización de la ciudad en el espacio. Barcelona: Blume

Impact area of political communication: case study (Spanish elections 2004)

Este trabajo recoge los principales resultados de una investigación centrada en el comportamiento electoral de las elecciones generales españolas de 2004, celebradas el 14 de marzo, pocos días después de los atentados terroristas de los trenes de Atocha del 11 de marzo. Partiendo de la hipótesis del área de impacto de la comunicación política, se analizan los temas más importantes para la opinión pública a lo largo de la legislatura 2000-2004 y con especial atención los meses previos a las elecciones. Unas elecciones marcadas por los atentados en los que los temas terrorismo, paro y vivienda ocupaban los tres problemas más importantes para los españoles tanto en la agenda pública como en la agenda personal, convirtiéndolos en temas clave de receptividad en la comunicación política.This work gathers the main results of a study which focused on voter behaviour in the Spanish General Elections in 2004, held on the 14th March, only a few days after the terrorist bombings of trains in Atocha Station on the 11th of March. Using the hypothesis of the impact area of political communication, we have anaylsed the most important issues for public opinion during the 2000-2004 legislature, paying attention to the months leading up to the elections. The elections were marked by the bombings in which the issues of terrorism, unemployment and housing were the three most serious problems faced by the Spanish population according to both the public and the personal agenda, thus making them keys issues interested in political communication