Cambio Climático en el Mediterráneo Español

Semi-enclosed and bounded by three continents, the Mediterranean sea is a region highly vulnerable to human activities, i.e.: the population surge along the coasts, the tourism pressure, the maritime traffic, the agriculture and the fishery exploitation, all have a potential impact on the Mediterranean environment. In addition, effective initiatives against the Global Climate Change need to be attempted in order to preserve our marine environment and to achieve a sustainable development of its resources. Prevention and adaptation to this new threat must be based on the rigorous and scientific knowledge accomplished through the systematic and continuous observation of the sea, and through the collection of multidisciplinary time-series and the subsequent analysis. This report responds to this necessity. The main goals of the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) are to generate scientific knowledge, as well as to assess and to inform the public about the state of the sea. The IEO is primary focussed on the study of the variety of phenomena influencing spanish coasts, including the process of Climate Change. To meet these objectives, a large set of actions have been planned. Some of them are already being implemented, such as a multidisciplinary observation system in the shelf and continental slope waters, or periodic scientific reports dealing with the detection and quantification of Climate Change effects and of other possible environmental impacts. The present report is the first of a series of future contributions. Besides the IEO, other Spanish institutions such as the ICM (CSIC), Puertos del Estado (PE), the IMEDEA (CSIC), the UMA, the UIB and the INM, involved in the monitoring, analysis and modelling of the Mediterranean sea, have also participated in it. The results show clear evidences of the effect of Climate Change in the physical properties of the mediterranean waters since 1948; in particular, the temperature and salinity increase of the deep waters, the accelerated rise of sea level since the early 1990s, and the air and sea surface temperature increase during the second half of the XX century.Versión del edito

Exploring Health Science Students’ Notions on Organ Donation and Transplantation: A Multicenter Study

The knowledge acquired during university education about organ donation and transplantation (ODT) decisively influences the information future health professionals transmit. This is important in ODT where the participation of the general public is essential to obtain organs. Objective: To determine notions of Spanish medicine and nursing students on ODT and its relationship with attitude toward ODT. Methods and Design: and design. We conducted a sociologic, multicenter, and observational study. The population for our study consisted of medical and nursing students in Spanish universities. Our database was the Collaborative International Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic course. A validated questionnaire (PCID-DTO-RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. Our sample consisted of 9598 medical and 10, 566 nursing students (99% confidence interval; precision of ±1%), stratified by geographic area and year of study. Results: The completion rate for our study was 90%. Only 20% (n=3640) of students thought their notions on ODT were good; 41% (n=7531) thought their notions were normal; 36% (n=6550) thought their notions were scarce. Comparing groups, there were differences between those who believed that their notions on ODT were good (44% nursing vs 56% medical students; P < .000), and those who believed it scarce (54% nursing vs 46% medical students; P < .000). Notions on ODT were related with attitude toward the donation of one''s own organs: those who considered their notions were good were more in favor then those who considered it scarce (88% vs 72%; P < .000). Conclusion: Only 20% of Spanish medical and nursing students thought their notions on ODT were good. Having good knowledge is related to a favorable attitude towards ODT. Receiving specific information on the subject could improve their knowledge about ODT during their training

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii intra- and extra-cellular aromatic amino acids metabolism

Tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine play an important role as nitrogen sources in yeast metabolism. They regulate biomass production and fermentation rate, and their catabolites contribute to wine health benefits and sensorial character through the yeast biotransformation of grape juice constitutes into biologically active and flavor-impacting components. A UHPLC-MS/MS method was applied to monitor 37 tryptophan/phenylalanine/tyrosine yeast metabolites both in extra- and intracellular extracts produced by the fermentation of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and one Torulaspora delbrueckii. The results shed light on the intra- and extra-cellular metabolomic dynamics, by combining metabolic needs, stimuli, and signals. Among others, the results indicated (a) the production of 2-aminoacetophenone by yeasts, mainly by the two Saccharomyces cerevisiae; (b) the deactivation and/or detoxification of tryptophol via sulfonation reaction; and (c) the deacetylation of N-acetyl tryptophan ethyl ester and N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester by producing the corresponding ethyl ester

Efecto de la extracción asistida por ultrasonido en la liberación y bioaccesibilidad in vitro de carotenoides, en bebidas elaboradas con mango (Mangifera indica L.) ‘Ataulfo’

Abstract Introduction During the industrial processing of the mango is wasted close to 40 % of by-products (BP, peel and paste). These BP contain carotenoids that benefit to the consumer’s health, such as, the carotenoids. Hence, it is a matter of interest to know if the carotenoids can be bioaccessible. Hence, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has proven to be a tool to increase their bioaccessibility of diverse bioactive compounds. In this sense, it is proposed to develop beverages where BP were used applying the UAE, evaluating in vitro the bioaccessibility of carotenoids. Method Four beverages were developed, a control (CB), and three with UAE (B-UAE1: XET: 30 min, XSA: 30 %, XDC: 0.8; B-UAE2: XET: 15 min, XSA: 70 %, XDC: 0.4; B-UAE3: XET: 12 min, XSA: 100 % and XDC: 1). The carotenoids profile was analyzed by HPLC-DAD and in the in vitro bioaccessibility. The kinetics of the release of these compounds was evaluated in the gastric digestion (GD) and intestinal (ID), as well as, its retention in the soluble indigestible fraction (SIF) and insoluble indigestible fraction (IIF). In this way, it was determined the percentage of bioaccessibility (%BA) of carotenoids. Finally, it was determined the release kinetics during 180 min, estimating the kinetic parameters (final velocity and constant kinetic). Results The carotenoids content were ranged from 0.01 to 3.29 µg/100 mL in the mango beverages. The xanthophylls showed significant differences in all beverages with UAE in the ID. The UAE had a negative effect on the β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene content in B-UAE2 and B-UAE3. On the other hand, the α-carotene content was similar in all beverages. During ID, the α-carotene and β-carotene content were higher in CB and lutein and zeaxanthin contents were higher in the B-UAE1. The %BA of lutein, zeaxanthin (Zea), α-carotene and β-carotene in the B-UAE1 was 95.63, 56.88, 65.20, and 90.54%, respectively. Therefore, βCr and Zea were the most not bioaccessible in BC and B-EAU3, respectively. The B-UAE1 presented a greater rate of release of β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and β-carotene. Discussion or Conclusion UAE caused a decrease in the carotenoids content due to isomerization reactions. The release of the xanthophylls and carotenes can be due to components of the food matrix, interactions of the carotenoids with other compounds, and the preparation of beverages. However, the UAE favors the release of these compounds. On the other hand, the presence of carotenoids in the SIF and IIF was due to dietary fiber of the peel, and the xanthan gum. In this way, UAE contributes to increase the %BA of carotenoids. Therefore, the release kinetic parameters show that there are diverse factors that influence this phenomenon such as the synergistic or antagonistic action between the carotenoids and other components.Resumen Introducción Durante el proceso de industrialización del mango se generan cerca del 40 % de subproductos (SP, cáscara y pasta). Estos SP contienen carotenoides que benefician a la salud del consumidor. Por lo tanto, es un tema de interés conocer si los carotenoides pueden ser bioaccesibles. De tal manera, la extracción asistida por ultrasonido (EAU) ha demostrado ser una herramienta útil para aumentar la bioaccesibilidad de diversos compuestos bioactivos. Se propone elaborar bebidas con SP de mango ‘Ataulfo’ aplicando la EAU y evaluando la bioaccesibilidad de los carotenoides in vitro. Método Se elaboraron 4 bebidas: una control (BC) y tres utilizando la EAU (B-EAU1: XTE: 30 min, XAS: 30 %, XC: 0.8; B-EAU2: XTE: 15 min, XAS: 70 %, XC: 0.4; B-EAU3: XTE: 12 min, XAS: 100 % y XC: 1). Se determinó el perfil de los carotenoides por HPLC-DAD y la bioaccesibilidad in vitro de los carotenoides. Se evaluó la liberación de los compuestos en la digestión gástrica (DG) e intestinal (DI); así como la retención de éstos en la fracción indigestible soluble (FIS) e insoluble (FII). De esta manera, se determinó el porcentaje de bioaccesibilidad (%BA) de los carotenoides. Se determinó la cinética de liberación durante 180 min, estimando los parámetros cinéticos. Resultados El contenido de los carotenoides osciló entre 0.01 a 3.29 µg/100 mL en las bebidas de mango. Las xantofilas mostraron diferencia significativa en todas las bebidas con EAU en la DI. La EAU tuvo un efecto negativo sobre el contenido de β-criptoxantina, luteína, y β-caroteno en B-EAU2 y B-EAU3. Por otra parte, el contenido de α-caroteno fue similar en todas las bebidas. En la DI, el contenido de α-caroteno y β-caroteno fueron altos en la BC y los contenidos de luteína y zeaxantina fueron mayores en B-EAU1. El %BA de luteína, zeaxantina, α-caroteno y β-caroteno en la B-EAU1 fue del 95.63, 56.88, 58.68 y 90.54 %, respectivamente. Sin embargo, la β-criptoxantina y zeaxantina fueron los menos bioaccesibles en BC y B-EAU3 con 96.5 y Zea 92.3 %, respectivamente. La B-EAU1 presentó una mayor velocidad de liberación de luteína, β-criptoxantina y β-caroteno. Discusión o Conclusión La EAU ocasionó una disminución en el contenido de los carotenoides, debido probablemente a reacciones de isomerización. La liberación de xantófilas y carotenos en las bebidas de mango, pudo deberse a factores asociados a los componentes de la matriz del alimento, interacciones de los carotenoides con otros componentes y el tratamiento al que se sometieron las bebidas. Por otro lado, la EAU favoreció la liberación de estos compuestos. La presencia de carotenoides en la FIS y FII se puede atribuir a la fibra dietética de la cáscara y la goma xantana adicionada. La EAU contribuyó al aumento del %BA de los carotenos y xantofilas. También, los parámetros de las cinéticas de liberación mostraron que el EAU facilitó el transporte de los carotenoides. Por lo tanto, los parámetros de la cinética de liberación muestran que existen factores que influyen este fenómeno como la acción sinérgica o antagónica entre los carotenoides y otros componentes

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Antioxidant Phytochemicals from Selected Edible Nuts

The ultimate health benefits of peanuts and tree nuts partially depend on the effective gastrointestinal delivery of their phytochemicals. The chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of tocopherols, tocotrienols and phenolic compounds from peanuts and seven tree nuts were evaluated by analytical and chemometric methods. Total fat and dietary fiber (g 100 g&minus;1) ranged from 34.2 (Emory oak acorn) to 72.5 (pink pine nut; PPN) and from 1.2 (PPN) to 22.5 (pistachio). Samples were rich in oleic and linoleic acids (56&ndash;87 g 100 g&minus;1 oil). Tocopherols and tocotrienols (mg&middot;kg&minus;1) ranged from 48.1 (peanut) to 156.3 (almond) and 0 (almond, pecan) to 22.1 (PPN) and hydrophilic phenolics from 533 (PPN) to 12,896 (Emory oak acorn); flavonoids and condensed tannins (mg CE.100 g&minus;1) ranged from 142 (white pine nut) to 1833 (Emory oak acorn) and 14 (PPN) to 460 (Emory oak acorn). Three principal components explained 90% of the variance associated with the diversity of antioxidant phytochemicals in samples. In vitro bioaccessibility of tocopherols, tocotrienols, hydrophilic phenolics, flavonoids, and condensed tannins ranged from 11&ndash;51%, 16&ndash;79%, 25&ndash;55%, 0&ndash;100%, and 0&ndash;94%, respectively. Multiple regression analyses revealed a potential influence of dietary fiber, fats and/or unsaturated fatty acids on phytochemical bioaccessibility, in a structure-specific manner

Cambio climático en el Mediterráneo español. Segunda edición actualizada

The first edition of the report “Climate Change in the Spanish Mediterranean” acknowledged the necessity of monitoring environmental conditions within the Mediterranean Sea and it stated that initiatives aimed at preserving and achieving a sustainable development of its resources should be based on a rigorous and scientific knowledge. The first edition of this report attempted to establish the basis for future works and detected and quantified the sea level rise of waters surrounding the Mediterranean Spanish coasts, the temperature and salinity increase of deep waters, and the warming of the air and sea surface waters. The study of these and other man-made threats on the marine environment is an open question and requires a continuous monitoring effort. Thanks to the collaboration with other Spanish institutions such as ICM (CSIC), Puertos del Estado (PE), IMEDEA (CSIC), UMA, UIB and AEMET, as well as the own monitoring programs from the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (RADMED program), this second edition continues the previous report, analyzing time series extended to July 2008 and evidencing the persistence of the above mentioned warming trends in the Spanish Mediterranean. This and future updated reports, the activities of the IEO Mediterranean Group on Climate Change, and the collaboration with the already mentioned institutions intend to be a tool for the continuous surveillance of the Mediterranean Spanish waters and the assessment for its sustainable exploitation.Versión del edito