Influence of pH on the adsorption-desorption of doxycycline, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxypyridazine in soils with variable surface charge

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGIn this research, the adsorption/desorption of the antibiotics doxycycline (DC), enrofloxacin (ENR), and sulfamethoxypyradazine (SMP) was studied in 6 agricultural soils with predominance of variable charge, both before and after removing organic matter by calcination. DC adsorption was high at acidic pH, and decreased at pH values above 8. Removal of organic matter with calcination caused just a slight decrease in adsorption, and even in some soils adsorption was similar to that in non-calcined samples. The adsorption coefficients (Kd) were higher for the DC− species compared to DC+, DC0 and DC2−. Regarding DC desorption, the values were very low throughout the pH range covered in the study (2–12), both in the calcined samples and in those not subjected to calcination. ENR showed a similar behavior to DC regarding the effect of pH, since ENR adsorption also decreased at basic pH, but the effect of removing organic matter was different, as it caused a clear decrease in ENR adsorption. The species with the highest Kd was in this case ENR0, although ENR+ is also quantitatively important as regards Kd value in calcined samples. For this antibiotic, no differences in desorption were observed between calcined and non-calcined samples. Finally, SMP adsorption also decreased as pH increased, and, in addition, similarly to what happened with ENR, in general, there was a strong decrease in SMP adsorption when organic matter was removed. The species with the highest Kd in this case was SMP+ in non-calcined samples, but SMP0 and SMP− become more relevant in calcined samples. The percentages of SMP desorption were higher than those for the other two antibiotics, and an increase occurs at intermediate pH values, being higher for calcined samples. These results can be considered relevant in terms of increasing the knowledge as regards the possible evolution and fate of the three antibiotics studied. Specifically, for different pH conditions and with different organic matter contents, when they reach soils and other environmental compartments after being discharged as contaminants. This could have important repercussions on public health and the overall environmentMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CGL2015-67333-C2-1-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CGL2015-67333-C2-2-

Efeito do tamanho das partículas de calcário nos teores de Ca, Mg e K no solo e em plantas forrageiras

Liming increases crop production through improved soil conditions in acidic soils. Among the effects of liming, increased availabilities of alkaline and alkaline-earth cations are worth mention. These availabilities may be affected by the particle size of applied limestone, which influences lime reactivity. The effects of particle size and application schedule of magnesium limestone were investigated on extractable Ca, Mg and K in soil, their concentrations in sward plants and dry-matter yield. Magnesium limestone of various particle sizes was applied to experimental plots at a rate of 3 t ha-1, a grass-clover sward was sown, and the plots were monitored during three years. The finest limestone (< 0.25 mm) in a single application yielded the highest soil Ca and Mg concentrations extracted by Mehlich-3 and NH4Cl. The same limestone split in three annual doses was less effective. Plots treated with the coarsest limestone (2-4 mm) did not differ from control plots. Liming had no effect on potassium, either in soil or plants. Soil concentrations of Ca, Mg and K extracted by Mehlich-3 and NH4Cl were correlated with each other (r = 0.76, 0.75 and 0.67, respectively). NH4Cl extracted more Ca than Mehlich-3, while the latter extracted more Mg and K than NH4Cl. Soil Ca, Mg and K extracted by NH4Cl were also correlated to water extractions. Mg concentration in plants correlated to soil Mg extracted by NH4Cl or by water. Neither the concentrations nor the total contents of Ca and K in plants correlated with extractable soil Ca and K. The total dry matter yield was not affected by liming. The yield of sown species was higher in plots treated with the finest limestone than in plots limed with the coarsest limestone. Cations extracted by water or NH4Cl explained the variance of dry matter yield.A aplicação de calcário em solos ácidos promove aumento da produção agrícola por meio da melhoria das condições do solo. Entre os efeitos da calagem, o aumento da disponibilidade de cátions alcalinos e alcalino-terrosos são dignos de menção. Essas disponibilidades podem ser afetadas pelo tamanho das partículas do calcário aplicado, que influencia a solubilidade do mesmo. Investigaram-se os efeitos da granulometria e épocas de aplicação de calcário magnesiano nos cátions trocáveis Ca, Mg e K extraidos no solo, nas suas concentrações em plantas crescidas cultivadas nesse solo e no rendimento das suas matérias secas. Vários tamanhos de partículas de calcário magnesiano foram aplicadas às parcelas experimentais, a uma taxa de 3 t ha-1, gramíneas e trevo foram plantados e as parcelas foram monitoradas durante três anos. O calcário mais fino (< 0,25 mm) em uma única aplicação proporcionou os maiores teores de Ca e Mg extraídos por Mehlich-3 e por NH4Cl. Este mesmo calcário quando aplicado parcelado em três doses anuais foi menos eficaz. Parcelas tratadas com o clacário mais grosseiro (2-4 mm) não diferiram da testemunha. A calagem não teve efeito sobre o potássio, quer seja no solo ou nas plantas. As concentrações no solo de Ca, Mg e K extraídos por Mehlich-3 e NH4Cl foram positivamente correlacionadas. O NH4Cl extraiu mais Ca do que o Mehlich-3, enquanto o segundo extraíu mais Mg e K do que o NH4Cl. O Ca, Mg e K extraídos pelo NH4Cl foram também correlacionados com extrações por água. Concentrações de Mg em plantas estão relacionadas com concentrações de Mg no solo extraídos pelo NH4Cl ou pela água. Nem as concentrações ou teores totais de Ca e K nas plantas correlacionaram-se com as concentrações extraídas de Ca e K do solo. O rendimento de matéria seca total não foi afetado pela calagem. A produtividade das espécies cultivadas foi maior nas parcelas tratadas com os calcários mais finos do que em parcelas com calcário mais grosseiro. Cátions extraídos pela água ou NH4Cl correlacionaram-se com a variação da produção de matéria seca.This research was supported by autonomous Government of GalicianS

Gestión e integración de datos altimétricos y batimétricos en la costa andaluza: uso del “model builder”

En esta comunicación se presenta la estrategia adoptada en la incorporación de la información altimétrica y batimétrica de la costa andaluza al Subsistema del Litoral y Medio Marino (SSLyMM), realizado para la Consejería de Medio Ambiente. En primer lugar se opto por modificar el objetivo final: no se trata de generar un único MDE continuo, sino de mantener los datos altimétricos y batimétricos permanentemente actualizados en un base de datos espacial y diseñar una herramienta interactiva que produzca los MDEs a demanda en función de las aplicaciones en las que se usará. Para ello, se diseño una herramienta utilizando la aplicación ModelBuilder de ArcGis 9.3 que encadena varios procesos de análisis espacial a partir de la información original almacenada en la base de datos (curvas, cotas, sondas o datos raster). Estos procesos se concretan en algoritmos que primero interpolan la batimetría y posteriormente ajustan el datum del MDE resultante al datum altimétrico (mareógrafo Alicante). En segundo lugar se interpola la altimetría y se ajusta a la línea de costa del SSLyMM y, en tercer lugar, se extrae el 0 hidrográfico ya ajustado al 0 de Alicante y se interpola la zona intermareal con los datos existentes desde dicho cero hasta la línea de costa. La posibilidad de configurar variables y parámetros que se deciden interactivamente por el usuario antes de ejecutar la herramienta permite definir el área de análisis y la resolución espacial del modelo resultante, el algoritmo de interpolación a utilizar y la paleta de color a aplicar al MDE resultante entre otras opciones. Por otra parte, esta estrategia permite incorporar de forma inmediata la nueva información disponible (muy variable en el medio submarino) y ajustar las características del MDE (resolución espacial, interpolador, etc.) resultante a las demandas de la aplicación temática para la que va a utilizar (modelado de oleaje, navegación marítima, evaluación de riesgos, generación sombreados para fondos cartográficos, etc.).This paper presents the methodology used for the integration of the altimetric and bathymetric data of the andalusiam coast into the Littoral and Marine Environment Subsystem (SSLyMM), made for the Environmental Regional Ministry. The aim of this work was not the generation of a only continuous digital elevation model (DEM), as it was firstly required, but also the design of a strategy for keeping the altimetric and bathymetric data always updated in a geodatabase and the development of an interactive tool to produce different DEMs depending on the requirements of the potential user. The tool was designed using the application ModelBuilder in ArcGis 9.3 that uses different spatial analysis processes applied to the original data stored in the spatial database. Those processes reflects a set of algorithms that firstly interpolated the bathymetry data and then adjust the resulting DEM to the national altimetric datum, located in the Mean Sea Level at the Alicante tide gauge in Spain (NMMA). The second step was the interpolation of the altimetry data and the adjustment of the shoreline contained in the SSLyMM. The third step was the extraction of the corrected hydrographic zero contour (once referred to the NMMA) and the interpolation of the intertidal area elevation by means of the available data of this area. The area of the DEM, its spatial resolution, the algorithm that would be used for spatial interpolation and other variables and parameters can be chosen by the user before executing the tool. This strategy let the incorporation of potential new information available (what is quite usual on bathymetry due to the scarcity of data), and the adjustment of the DEM characteristic (spatial resolution, interpolation methods...) to the requirements of the use and applications that the DEM might have

Valorization of forest by-products as bio-adsorbents for emerging contaminants

The use of forest by-products as bio-adsorbents allows the recycling of these materials and could reduce the risks of environmental pollution due to different contaminants. This study focuses on the adsorption and release of three antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin and trimethoprim) on pine and oak bark materials and how pHinfluences in these processes. The results showed that the highest adsorption potential corresponds to pine bark, where the Freundlich affinity coefficient varies between 126.6 and 2979.1 Ln µmol1− n kg− 1, while, for oak bark, between 283.9 and 806.9 Ln µmol1− n kg− 1. Both bio-adsorbents show some influence of the pH affectingadsorption. Of the three antibiotics, clarithromycin was the most mobile. In general, both by-products gave satisfactory results as bio-adsorbents for the antibiotics tested. Therefore, their potential use as decontaminants could help to face environmental issues due to these emerging pollutants, reducing human and ecological risk, while contributing to a zero-waste economy.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018-099574-B-C21Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018- 099574-B-C22Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C2021/46-GCRXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B-2022-081Ministerio de Universidades | Ref. FPU19/03758Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. IJC2020- 044426-IAgencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. IJC2020-044197-IUniversidade de Vigo/CISU

Clarithromycin as soil and environmental pollutant: Adsorption-desorption processes and influence of pH

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGAntibiotics pollution is a growing environmental issue, as high amounts of these compounds are found in soil, water and sediments. This work studies the adsorption/desorption of the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin (CLA) for 17 agricultural soils with different edaphic characteristics. The research was carried out using batch-type experiments, with an additional assessment of the specific influence of pH for 6 of the soils. The results show that CLA adsorption reaches between 26 and 95%. In addition, the fit of the experimental data to adsorption models provided values between 1.9 and 19.7 Ln μmol1−n kg−1 for the KF, Freundlich affinity coefficient, and between 2.5 and 10.5 L kg−1 for Kd, distribution constant of Linear model. Regarding the linearity index, n, it varied between 0.56 and 1.34. Desorption showed lower scores than adsorption, with an average of 20%, and with values of 3.1 and 93.0 Ln μmol1−n kg−1 for KF(des) and 4.4 and 95.0 L kg−1 for Kd(des). The edaphic characteristics with the highest influence on adsorption were the silt fraction content and the exchangeable Ca content, while in the case of desorption, they were the total nitrogen, organic carbon, and exchangeable Ca and Mg contents. Regarding the pH, within the range studied (between 3 and 10), its value did not decisively affect the adsorption/desorption process. Overall, the set of these results could be of help to program appropriate measures leading to the retention/elimination of this antibiotic when it reaches the environment as a pollutant.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacción y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-099574-B-C21Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C2021/46-GCRMinisterio de Universidades | Ref. FPU19/03758Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B-2022-081Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. | Ref. IJC2020- 044197-IUniversidade de Vigo/CISUGMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovacción y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-099574-B-C2

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium releasefrom two compressed fertilizers: column experiments

The objective of this work was to study nutrients release from two compressed nitrogen–potassium–phosphorous (NPK) fertilizers. In the Lourizán Forest Center, tablet-type controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) were prepared by compressing various mixtures of fertilizers without covers or binders. We used soil columns (50 cm long and 7.3 cm inner diameter) that were filled with soil from the surface layer (0–20 cm) of an A horizon corresponding to a Cambic Umbrisol. Tablets of two slow-release NPK fertilizers (11–18–11 or 8–8–16) were placed into the soil (within the first 3 cm), and then water was percolated through the columns in a saturated regime for 80 days. Percolates were analyzed for N, P, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. These elements were also determined in soil and fertilizer tablets at the end of the trials. Nutrient concentrations were high in the first leachates and reached a steady state when 1426 mm of water had been percolated, which is equivalent to approximately 1.5 years of rainfall in this geographic area. In the whole trial, both tablets lost more than 80% of their initial N, P and K contents. However, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were the most leached, whereas N and P were lost in leachates to a lesser extent. Nutrient release was slower from the tablet with a composition of 8–8–16 than from the 11–18–11 fertilizer. In view of that, the 8–8–16 tablet can be considered more adequate for crops with a nutrient demand sustained over time. At the end of the trial, the effects of these fertilizers on soil chemical parameters were still evident, with a significant increase of pH, available Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P and effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC) in the fertilized columns, as well as a significant decrease in exchangeable Al3+, reaching values < 0.08 cmol (+) kg−1.S

Herramienta educativa de enfermería para paciente y familia sobre el cuidado con los dispositivos para la administración de medicamentos de hipertensión arterial pulmonar e hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica no quirúrgica

101 páginasEl presente proyecto de gestión tuvo como objetivo, elaborar una herramienta educativa para el paciente y familia relacionada con el manejo y auto cuidado de los dispositivos para la administración de medicamentos para la hipertensión arterial pulmonar e hipertensión tromboembólica crónica no quirúrgica. (Treprostinil, Epoprostenol, Iloprost, Riociguat Bosentán, Macitentan, Ambrisentán, Sildenafil), en busca de solucionar el problema del desconocimiento del paciente y familia sobre las precauciones de auto cuidado que deben tener en el hogar con los diferentes dispositivos para la administración de su terapia medicamentosa, mediante una matriz del marco lógico desarrollando sus diferentes componentes; Obteniendo como resultado la elaboración de una cartilla para el paciente y la familia, con el fin de mejorar el autocuidado en los pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar e hipertensión tromboembólica crónica no quirúrgica en el hogar que les ayude a resolver posibles dudas y les recuerde constantemente su cuidado evitando infecciones, desalojos o posibles errores en la administración de sus medicamentos en casa. Y por último concluimos que la sensibilización al personal de enfermería es un mecanismo efectivo para despertar el interés de brindar educación al paciente y su familia ya que con ello se busca prevenir posibles complicaciones y lograr el éxito de una terapia en conjunto, no solo en la parte hospitalaria sino en su vivienda.Especialización en Enfermería en Cuidado Crítico con Énfasis en AdultosEspecialista en Enfermería en Cuidado Crítico con Énfasis en Adulto

Variation of Hg concentration and accumulation in the soil of maritime pine plantations along a coast-inland transect in SW Europe

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGClimatic conditions have been shown as a major driver of the fate of Hg in forest ecosystems at a global scale, but less is known about climatic effects at shorter scales. This study assesses whether the concentration and pools of Hg in soils collected from seventeen Pinus pinaster stands describing a coastal-inland transect in SW Europe vary along a regional climatic gradient. In each stand, samples of the organic subhorizons (OL, OF + OH) and the mineral soil (up to 40 cm) were collected and some general physico-chemical properties and total Hg (THg) were analyzed. Total Hg was significantly higher in the OF + OH than in the OL subhorizons (98 and 38 μg kg−1, respectively), favored by a greater organic matter humification in the former. In the mineral soil, mean THg values decreased with depth, ranging from 96 μg kg−1 in the 0–5 cm layers to 54 μg kg−1 in the deepest layers (30–40 cm), respectively. The average Hg pool (PHg) was 0.30 mg m−2 in the organic horizons (92% accumulated in the OF + OH subhorizons), and 27.4 mg m−2 in the mineral soil. Changes in climatic factors, mainly precipitation, along the coast-inland transect resulted in a remarkable variation of THg in the OL subhorizons, consistent with their role as the first receiver of atmospheric Hg inputs. The high precipitation rate and the occurrence of fogs in coastal areas characterized by the oceanic influence would explain the higher THg found in the uppermost soil layers of pine stands located close to the coastline. The regional climate is key to the fate of mercury in forest ecosystems by influencing the plant growth and subsequent atmospheric Hg uptake, the atmospheric Hg transference to the soil surface (wet and dry deposition and litterfall) and the dynamics that determine net Hg accumulation in the forest floor.Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional | Ref. FPU17/05484Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. PID 2021-125114OB-I00Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Universidade (Xunta de Galicia) | Ref. ED431C2021/46- GRCUniversidad de Vigo/CISU

Photodegradation of ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin and trimethoprim: influence of pH and humic acids

In view of the rising relevance of emerging pollutants in the environment, this work studies the photodegradation of three antibiotics, evaluating the effects of the pH of the medium and the concentration of dissolved organic matter. Simulated light (with a spectrum similar to that of natural sunlight) was applied to the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin (Cip), Clarithromycin (Cla) and Trimethoprim (Tri), at three different pH, and in the presence of different concentrations of humic acids. The sensitivity to light followed the sequence: Cip > Cla > Tri, which was inverse for the half-life (Tri > Cla > Cip). As the pH increased, the half-life generally decreased, except for Cla. Regarding the kinetic constant k, in the case of Cip and Tri it increased with the rise of pH, while decreased for Cla. The results corresponding to total organic carbon (TOC) indicate that the complete mineralization of the antibiotics was not achieved. The effect of humic acids was not marked, slightly increasing the degradation of Cip, and slightly decreasing it for Tri, while no effect was detected for Cla. These results may be relevant in terms of understanding the evolution of these antibiotics, especially when they reach different environmental compartments and receive sunlight radiation.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-099574-B-C21Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-099574-B-C2

SARS-CoV-2 and other main pathogenic microorganisms in the environment: situation in Galicia and Spain

In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, and mostly taking a broad perspective, it is clearly relevant to study environmental factors that could affect eventual future outbreaks due to coronaviruses and/or other pathogenic microorganisms. In view of that, the authors of this manuscript review the situation of SARS-CoV-2 and other main pathogenic microorganisms in the environment, focusing on Galicia and Spain. Overall, in addition to showing local data, it is put in evidence that, summed to all efforts being carried out to treat/control this and any other eventual future epidemic diseases, both at local and global levels, a deep attention should be paid to ecological/environmental aspects that have effects on the planet, its ecosystems and their relations/associations with the probability of spreading of eventual future pandemicsThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of science, innovation and universities [grant numbers RTI2018-099574-B-C21 and RTI2018-099574-B-C22]. It also received funds from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (FEDER in Spain), being a complement to the previous grants, without additional grant numberS