Non-linear control of speed and air path in a diesel engine with turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation

[EN] A non-linear control to regulate the speed and the supply of air flow in an internal combustion Diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation system is proposed. The control scheme uses a static feedback of the states to linearize the motor-turbocharger system avoiding linearization by dynamic state feedback. The control scheme used is complemented by an estimator for the load torque of the engine based on the Immersion and Invariance technique. The stability analysis allows to conclude asymptotic stability when the control scheme uses the estimated load torque. Through a series of numerical simulations the properties of the proposed control scheme are evaluated.[ES] Se propone un control no lineal para regular la velocidad y la alimentación de flujo de aire en un motor de combustión interna diésel con sistema de recirculación de gases de escape. El esquema de control propuesto utiliza una realimentación estática de los estados para linealizar de manera exacta al sistema motor-turbocompresor evitando la linealización por retroalimentación de estados dinámica. El esquema de control propuesto se complementa con un estimador para el par de carga del motor basado en la técnica de Inmersión e Invariancia. El análisis de estabilidad permite concluir estabilidad asintótica cuando el esquema de control utiliza el par de carga estimado. Por medio de una serie de simulaciones numéricas se evalúan las propiedades del esquema de control propuesto.Este trabajo fue financiado por CONACyT a través de unabeca de investigación posdoctoral para el Dr. José Luis Mendoza Soto.Mendoza-Soto, JL.; Álvarez-Icaza, L.; Rodríguez Cortés, H. (2019). Control no lineal de velocidad y aire alimentado en un motor diésel con turbocompresor y recirculación de gases de escape. 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IEEE ICIT '04. 2004 IEEE International Conference on. Vol. 3. pp. 1384-1389 Vol. 3. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2004.1490763Bennett, S., 2010. Modern Diesel Technology: Diesel Engines. Delmar Cengage Learning, Canada.Dabo, M., Langlois, N., Chafouk, H., June 2009. Dynamic feedback linearization applied to asymptotic tracking: Generalization about the turbocharged diesel engine outputs choice. In: 2009 American Control Conference. pp. 3458-3463. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2009.5160404Eriksson, L., Nielsen, L., 2014. Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118536186Gupta, H. N., 2009. Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engine. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India.Haras, M., Bhatti, A. I., Liaquat, M., Dec 2017. Egr-vgt equipped heavy duty diesel engine calibration and air path control for optimized nitric oxide (nox) emissions. 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IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 8 (2), 288-299.https://doi.org/10.1109/87.826800Kolmanovsky, I., Moraal, P., van Nieuwstadt, M., Stefanopoulou, A., July 1997. Issues in modeling and control of intake flow in variable geometry turbocharged engines. In: Proc. 18th IFIP Conf. Syst. Modeling Optimization. Detroit, MI.Larsen, M., Jankovic, M., Kokotovic, P. V., 2000. Indirect passivation design for a diesel engine model. In: Proceedings of the 2000. IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37162). pp. 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCA.2000.897442Mancini, G., Asprion, J., Cavina, N., Onder, C., Guzzella, L., 2014. Dynamic feedforward control of a diesel engine based on optimal transient compensation maps. Energies 7 (8), 5400-5424. URL: http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/7/8/5400 https://doi.org/10.3390/en7085400Mendoza-Soto, J. L., Alvarez-Icaza, L., June 2012. Generalized predictive control of a turbocharged diesel engine. In: 2012 American Control Conference (ACC). pp. 5725-5730. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2012.6315274Mendoza-Soto, J. L., Rodríguez-Cortés, H., Alvarez-Icaza, L., October 2016. Control y estimación de par en un motor diésel con turbocompresor y recirculación de gases de escape. In: Latin American Conference on Automatic Control. Medellín, Colombia, pp. 346-353.Ortner, P., del Re, L., May 2007. Predictive control of a diesel engine air path. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 15 (3), 449-456. DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2007.894638https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2007.894638Outbib, R., Dovifaaz, X., Rachid, A., Ouladsine, M., May 2002. Speed control of a diesel engine: a nonlinear approach. In: Proceedings of the 2002 American Control Conference (IEEE Cat. No.CH37301). Vol. 4. pp. 3293-3294 vol.4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2002.1025299Outbib, R., Dovifaaz, X., Rachid, A., Ouladsine, M., 2006. A theoretical control strategy for a diesel engine. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128 (2), 453-457. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2196422Outbib, R., Graton, G., Dovifaaz, X., Younes, R., 2014. Speed control of automotive diesel engines. International Journal of Control 87 (4), 812-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207179.2013.860237Park, I., Hong, S., Sunwoo3, M., August 2017. Gain-scheduled egr control algorithm for light-duty diesel engines with static-gain parameter modeling. International Journal of Automotive Technology 18 (4), 579?587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-017-0058-9Plianos, A., Stobart, R., Oct 2007. Dynamic feedback linearization of diesel engines with intake variable valve actuation. In: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. pp. 455-460. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCA.2007.4389273Rodríguez, H., Astolfi, A., Ortega, R., 2006. On the construction of static stabilizers and static output trackers for dynamically linearizable systems, related results and applications. International Journal of Control 79 (12), 1523-1537. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207170600849766Sepulchre, R., Jankovic, M., Kokotovic, P., 1997. Constructive Nonlinear Control. Springer-Verlag, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0967-9Song, Q., Grigoriadis, K. M., June 2003. Diesel engine speed regulation using linear parameter varying control. In: Proceedings of the 2003 American Control Conference, 2003. Vol. 1. pp. 779-784 vol.1. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2003.1239116Upadhyay, D., Utkin, V., Rizzoni, G., 2002. Multivariable control design for intake flow regulation of a diesel engine using sliding mode. IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35 (1), 277 - 282, 15th IFAC World Congress. https://doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-ES-1901.01514van Nieuwstadt, M. J., Kolmanovsky, I. V., Moraal, P. E., Stefanopoulou, A., Jankovic, M., Jun 2000. Egr-vgt control schemes: experimental comparison for a high-speed diesel engine. IEEE Control Systems 20 (3), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1109/37.845039Wahlstrom, J., Eriksson, L., Nielsen, L., July 2010. Egr-vgt control and tuning for pumping work minimization and emission control. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 18 (4), 993-1003. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2009.2031473Wang, H., Tian, Y., Bosche, J., Hajjaji, A. E., 2014. Modeling and dynamical feedback control of a vehicle diesel engine speed and air-path. Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 136 (6), 061010-0-061010- 7, ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4027502Wang, Q.-G., 2003. Decoupling Control. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.Younes, R., 1993. Elaboration d un modele de connaissance du moteur diesel avec turbocompresseur geometrie variable en vue de l'optimisation de ses emissions. Ph.D. thesis, These de l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon.Zhao, H., 2007. HCCI and CAI engines for the automotive industry. Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC, Cambridge, England. https://doi.org/10.1533/978184569354

Gestión de almacenes para incrementar la productividad del almacén de la empresa Molino Galán, Guadalupe, 2022

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como principal objetivo determinar de qué manera la aplicación de la gestión de almacenes incrementa la productividad del almacén de la empresa Molino Galán. El estudio es de tipo aplicado, de diseño pre experimental donde se evaluó el comportamiento de la variable dependiente Productividad producto de la Gestión de almacenes, en el pre test y también en el post test. La población estuvo conformada por la información de los procesos del almacén durante los meses de febrero a marzo del 2021, y la muestra fue igual a la población. Los instrumentos empleados para la recolección de datos fueron guía de observación, ficha de registro de productividad y ficha de registro de inventario. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el programa SPSS, con un nivel de significancia de 0.010 (P<0.050) mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon. Se concluye que la gestión de almacenes mejora la productividad en un 19.7

Design of bandpass transversal filters employing a novel hybrid structure

A novel structure for the implementation of compact transversal bandpass filters is proposed in this paper. This new proposal consists of a hybrid structure, based on the combination of two different technologies: the waveguide and microstrip. It is shown that the novel hybrid microwave filter is able to implement both a second- and third-order filtering function with up to two or three transmission zeros, respectively. In this way, a practical implementation of a fully canonical transversal filter with a third degree response is for the first time directly achieved. In addition, the way to control the positions of transmission zeros with the new technology is treated in this paper. It is shown that symmetric or asymmetric responses and also filtering functions with a complex pair of transmission zeros can be easily obtained. To demonstrate the validity of this novel structure, several implementation examples are presented. A prototype has been designed, manufactured, and successfully tested, showing the practical validity of the new structure

Estudio de la propagación y radiación de pulsos temporales en líneas de transmisión basadas en metamateriales CRLH

En este artículo se presenta un estudio sobre la propagación y la radiación de pulsos temporales en líneas de transmisión basadas en metamateriales CRLH. Esta nueva tecnología proporciona nuevas y originales soluciones en los recientes sistemas de banda ancha UWB. Usando una nueva formulación en el dominio temporal, se proponen dos novedosas aplicaciones. En primer lugar, el empleo de una antena CRLH leaky-wave como un analizador de espectros en tiempo real (RTSA) para caracterizar señales desconocidas, y en segundo, el uso de un array de antenas para obtener un barrido cuasi-instantáneo del espacio con un haz tipo “lápiz”.Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España). Los autores desean agradecer a Mr. Shulabh Gupta el apoyo, tanto técnico como personal, prestado en la realización de este trabajo

Genomic epidemiology of the primary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones causing invasive infections in Paraguayan children

Address correspondence to Fátima Rodríguez, [email protected] Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major human pathogens. It could carry numerous resistance genes and virulence factors in its genome, some of which are related to the severity of the infection. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was designed to molecularly analyze MRSA isolates that cause invasive infections in Paraguayan children from 2009 to 2013. Ten representative MRSA isolates of the main clonal complex identified were analyzed with short-read paired-end sequencing and assessed for the virulome, resistome, and phylogenetic relationships. All the genetically linked MRSA isolates were recovered from diverse clinical sources, patients, and hospitals at broad gap periods. The pan-genomic analysis of these clones revealed three major and different clonal complexes (CC30, CC5, and CC8), each composed of clones closely related to each other. The CC30 genomes prove to be a successful clone, strongly installed and disseminated throughout our country, and closely related to other CC30 public genomes from the region and the world. The CC5 shows the highest genetic variability, and the CC8 carried the complete arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), closely related to the USA300-NAE-ACME+, identified as the major cause of CA-MRSA infections in North America. Multiple virulence and resistance genes were identified for the first time in this study, highlighting the complex virulence profiles of MRSA circulating in the country. This study opens a wide range of new possibilities for future projects and trials to improve the existing knowledge on the epidemiology of MRSA circulating in Paraguay.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPrograma Paraguayo para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y Tecnología. Financiamiento para la vinculación de científicos y tecnólogo

Medidas sobre canales analógicos y digitales de televisión y su interpretación para la correcta planificación de sistemas de recepción

El rápido avance de la radio y televisión digital está haciendo que los ingenieros y técnicos tengan que adaptar sus equipos de medidas, sus técnicas de instalación, y los conceptos tecnológicos adquiridos, para adecuarse a los nuevos requerimientos y parámetros de calidad de los servicios. En este contexto, el artículo aborda desde una perspectiva práctica diversos aspectos interesantes que hay que tener en cuenta a la hora de planificar la correcta instalación de sistemas de recepción digitales. La exposición se realiza desde la utilización de dos equipos muy útiles para el ingeniero y el técnico de telecomunicación, como son el analizador de espéctros y el medidor de campo, y cómo deben interpretarse las medidas obtenidas con estos equipos

Estudio de las modulaciones utilizadas en el sistema de televisión digital terrestre

En este artículo revisamos las características más importantes relacionadas con la modulación empleada en el nuevo sistema de Televisión Digital Terrestre. Veremos las especificaciones más importantes, y revisaremos sus capacidades para rechazar señales indeseadas y evitar los efectos negativos de la propagación multitrayecto. A través de un programa de simulación estudiaremos, con un caso práctico, su robustez ante la interferencia de canales de televisión analógicos adyacentes

Diseño de filtros transversales de segundo orden empleando la novedosa tecnología híbrida guidaonda-microstrip

En este artículo se presenta una nueva familia de filtros de microondas, implementados en tecnología híbrida guiaonda-microstrip. Estos filtros combinan por primera vez la resonancia de la cavidad que encapsula al circuito, con la resonancia proporcionada por una línea microstrip impresa, obteniéndose diseños con máxima selectividad, compactos y ligeros, ideales para aplicaciones por satélite. Se incluyen también dos ejemplos de diseño de éstos novedosos filtros, que han sido fabricados y analizados, obteniéndose unos resultados satisfactorios que demuestran el valor práctico de la tecnología presentada.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España) y la Fundación Séneca (Murcia)

Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of instruments to measure neck pain disability

[EN] Background. The NDI, COM and NPQ are evaluation instruments for disability due to NP. There was no Spanish version of NDI or COM for which psychometric characteristics were known. The objectives of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the Spanish version of the Neck Disability Index Questionnaire (NDI), and the Core Outcome Measure (COM), to validate its use in Spanish speaking patients with non-specific neck pain (NP), and to compare their psychometric characteristics with those of the Spanish version of the Northwick Pain Questionnaire (NPQ). Methods. Translation/re-translation of the English versions of the NDI and the COM was done blindly and independently by a multidisciplinary team. The study was done in 9 primary care Centers and 12 specialty services from 9 regions in Spain, with 221 acute, subacute and chronic patients who visited their physician for NP: 54 in the pilot phase and 167 in the validation phase. Neck pain (VAS), referred pain (VAS), disability (NDI, COM and NPQ), catastrophizing (CSQ) and quality of life (SF-12) were measured on their first visit and 14 days later. Patients' self-assessment was used as the external criterion for pain and disability. In the pilot phase, patients' understanding of each item in the NDI and COM was assessed, and on day 1 test-retest reliability was estimated by giving a second NDI and COM in which the name of the questionnaires and the order of the items had been changed. Results. Comprehensibility of NDI and COM were good. Minutes needed to fill out the questionnaires [median, (P25, P75)]: NDI. 4 (2.2, 10.0), COM: 2.1 (1.0, 4.9). Reliability: [ICC, (95%CI)]: NDI: 0.88 (0.80, 0.93). COM: 0.85 (0.75,0.91). Sensitivity to change: Effect size for patients having worsened, not changed and improved between days 1 and 15, according to the external criterion for disability: NDI: -0.24, 0.15, 0.66; NPQ: -0.14, 0.06, 0.67; COM: 0.05, 0.19, 0.92. Validity: Results of NDI, NPQ and COM were consistent with the external criterion for disability, whereas only those from NDI were consistent with the one for pain. Correlations with VAS, CSQ and SF-12 were similar for NDI and NPQ (absolute values between 0.36 and 0.50 on day 1, between 0.38 and 0.70 on day 15), and slightly lower for COM (between 0.36 and 0.48 on day 1, and between 0.33 and 0.61 on day 15). Correlation between NDI and NPQ: r = 0.84 on day 1, r = 0.91 on day 15. Correlation between COM and NPQ: r = 0.63 on day 1, r = 0.71 on day 15. Conclusion. Although most psychometric characteristics of NDI, NPQ and COM are similar, those from the latter one are worse and its use may lead to patients' evolution seeming more positive than it actually is. NDI seems to be the best instrument for measuring NP-related disability, since its results are the most consistent with patient's assessment of their own clinical status and evolution. It takes two more minutes to answer the NDI than to answer the COM, but it can be reliably filled out by the patient without assistanceS

Forest biomass density across large climate gradients in northern South America is related to water availability but not with temperature

Understanding and predicting the likely response of ecosystems to climate change are crucial challenges for ecology and for conservation biology. Nowhere is this challenge greater than in the tropics as these forests store more than half the total atmospheric carbon stock in their biomass. Biomass is determined by the balance between biomass inputs (i.e., growth) and outputs (mortality). We can expect therefore that conditions that favor high growth rates, such as abundant water supply, warmth, and nutrient-rich soils will tend to correlate with high biomass stocks. Our main objective is to describe the patterns of above ground biomass (AGB) stocks across major tropical forests across climatic gradients in Northwestern South America. We gathered data from 200 plots across the region, at elevations ranging between 0 to 3400 m. We estimated AGB based on allometric equations and values for stem density, basal area, and wood density weighted by basal area at the plotlevel. We used two groups of climatic variables, namely mean annual temperature and actual evapotranspiration as surrogates of environmental energy, and annual precipitation, precipitation seasonality, and water availability as surrogates of water availability. We found that AGB is more closely related to water availability variables than to energy variables. In northwest South America, water availability influences carbon stocks principally by determining stand structure, i.e. basal area. When water deficits increase in tropical forests we can expect negative impact on biomass and hence carbon storage