スウェーデン軍捕虜とピョートル改革

The Northern War （1700-1721） caused forcible movements of people, including many war prisoners both from Russia and Sweden. This paper attempts to examine the circumstances of the Swedish prisoners in Russia, rapidly increasing after the Lesnaia battle（ 1708） and the Poltava battle（ 1709）, and their attitudes toward the appeals of the Russian government under Peter I to them to serve in the Russian state organs.Partly because of the lack of international rules on the treatment for captives, both Swedish and Russian war prisoners at the beginning of the 18th century were compelled to endure the difficult situations. For example, in case of the exchange of the captives, they were trifled with the intentions of their governments which tried to get more benefits from each other. Even some of the ministers and generals from Sweden had to end their lives in Russia without returning to their homeland. Additionally, a Swedish captive general critically reported that some war prisoners were forced by the Russian landowners or the local governments to marry or convert their sects.The Petrine government, which accelerated the administrative reforms in the 1710s after the Poltava battle, sometimes called out to the Swedish captives for service in Russia, looking upon them as useful human resources, particularly because the new Russian organizations, including the colleges （kollegiia）, were established on the model of the institutions in Sweden. However, although 13 of 77 non-Russian bureaucrats who worked in the Russian colleges at the end of the 1710s were from the Swedish prisoners, many captives tended to leave Russia after the end of the Northern war. Precisely for this tendency, Peter I seems to have given a warm reception to the former war prisoners who early decided to work for the Russian state, such as Count Douglas

國小閱讀障礙學生閱讀理解策略之研究

[[abstract]]本研究主要以年級間縱貫面與年級內橫斷面的比較，探討閱讀障礙與高閱讀靂有學生閱讀理解策略的使用情形。以臺中市南屯國小四、五、六年級之閱讀障礙與高閱讀能力學生各三名，共十八名學生為本研究之樣本，採克漏字閱讀理解材料之閱讀實作情境，配合閱讀理解策略晤談方式、，錄音騰為逐字稿資料之後進行各項策略的歸類與分析比較，結果如下：一、所有學生使用的閱讀理解策略共歸為十大類，依使用次數的多寡依序為：(1)前後文線索、(2)上下關鍵字、(3)先前經驗、(4)文意合理化、(5)注意標題、(6)參照文章用字、(7)上下詞意、(8)文章組織、(9)精緻化、(10)擬物化。二、閱讀讀能力學生在各年級間的閱讀理解的策略使用置前無明顯的差異且沒有因年級的增加而在策略使用上有明顯的改變。三、高閱讀能力學生在各年級間的策略使用類別上同質性相當高，具較低年級的高閱讀能力學生在文章難度增加時，其策略使用方式與較高年級的的高閱讀能力學生並無明顯差異。四、閱讀障礙學生最常使用的策略類別為上下關鍵字策略，其次為文意合理化、前後文線索策略與先前經驗等策略類別。文意合理化策略中以改變文意此小類居使用多數；前後文身索策略則主要以前文線索為使用多數。五、高閱讀能力學生最常使用的策略類別為前後文線索，其次則為先前經驗、上下關鍵字、注意標題等策略類吸，而前後文線索主要集中於前文線索此小類；先前經驗則以語言經驗的使用居多數。六、高閱讀能力學生在前後文線索偶先前經驗兩項策略使用次數明顯較高於閱讀障礙學生；而在上下關鍵字與文意合理化兩項策略的使用上則明顯較低於閱讀障礙學生。 The purpose of this study were to compare the reading comprehension strategies used by students with reading disabilities and proficient reading abilities. The subjects were eighteen forth, fifth and sixth-grade elementary students, including three students with reading disabilities and three students with proficient reading abilities for each grade. The qualitative data collected during the individual reading narrative Texts in Cloze procedure and interview were analyzed by using modified analysis and constants comparative analysis. The main findings were summarized as follows: 1.the reading comprehension strategies used by the subjects were grouped into ten categories, including: (1)noticing title, (2)neighboring key words, (3)neighboring phrases, (4)forward and backward cues, (5) imitate words, (6)involving role, (7)text texture, (8)elaboration, (9) prior experience, and (10)reasoning meaning. 2.There was no difference of reading comprehension strategies used by the students with proficient reading disabilities. 3.There was no difference of reading comprehension strategies used by the students with proficient reading abilities among three grades. 4.The most frequently used reading comprehension strategies by students with reading disability were (1)neighboring key words, (2)reasoning meaning, (3)forward and backward cues, and (4)prior experience. 5.The most frequently used reading comprehension strategies by students with proficient reading abilities were (1)forward and backward cues, (2)prior experience, (3)neighboring key words, and (4)noticing title. 6.The students proficient reading abilities tended to use forward and backward cues and prior experience strategies more frequently then students with reading disability, and tended to use neighboring key words and reasoning meaning less frequently then students with reading disabilities

LINE-1の発現は結腸直腸癌細胞におけるEGFR阻害剤の効果と関連している

博士(医学) 甲第714号(主論文の要旨、要約、審査結果の要旨)博士(医学)東京女子医科大

Information Literacy for Lifelong Learning and Distance Learning through Information Technology : Approach in the Higher Education of the United States and its Accreditation Standards

特集2 2003年度文学部共同研究 生涯学習社会における知識創造型学校・大学・図書館の活動形態に関する研

A coupled map lattice model for spontaneous pore formation in anodic oxidation

We construct a coupled map lattice model for the spontaneous pore formation in anodic oxidation in two dimensions and perform numerical simulations, after we explain steady flat solutions, their linear stability and a single pore solution for a model of Parkhutik and Shershulsky.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

放課後等デイサービスにおける教材・教具を使ったコミュニケーションアプローチの効果－言葉のない知的障害児を対象として－

「放課後等デイサービス」は、平成24年に児童福祉法に位置づけられて以来、急速に増加、多様化している。とりわけ、言語交流が困難な学童が多く利用する福祉事業所では、よりよい活動の提供とサービスの質の向上が喫緊の課題となっている。本研究では、社会的行動の促進と支援者の資質向上を目的とし、発達初期の認知様式に合わせて工夫した教材・教具(以下、「教材」)をコミュニケーションの道具として、知的障害を伴う利用者に個別の取組みを行なった。本稿では、15名の参加者のうち対応困難の訴えがあった2名の事例について報告する。両者とも表出言語はない一方、アセスメントでは、認知発達の水準に違いがみられた。個別のプログラムを実施した結果、職員が個々の認知様式の違いに気づき、事業所の日常活動の題材や内容、支援方法を調整した。それに伴い、対象者のコミュニケーションスキルが向上し、他害などの行動障害の減弱がみられた

Suppression of the quantum-mechanical collapse by repulsive interactions in a quantum gas

The quantum-mechanical collapse (alias fall onto the center of particles attracted by potential -1/r^2), or "quantum anomaly", is a well-known issue in the quantum theory. We demonstrate that the mean-field repulsive nonlinearity prevents the collapse and thus puts forward a solution to the quantum-anomaly problem different from that previously developed in the framework of the linear quantum-field theory. This solution may be realized in the 3D or 2D gas of dipolar bosons attracted by a central charge, and in the 2D gas of magnetic dipoles attracted by a current filament. In the 3D setting, the dipole-dipole interactions are also taken into regard, in the mean-field approximation. In lieu of the collapse, the cubic nonlinearity creates a 3D ground state (GS), which does not exist in the respective linear Schroedinger equation (SE). The addition of the harmonic trap gives rise to a tristability, in the case when the SE still does not lead to the collapse. In the 2D setting, the cubic nonlinearity is not strong enough to prevent the collapse; however, the quintic term does it, creating the GS, as well as its counterparts carrying the angular momentum (vorticity). Counter-intuitively, such self-trapped 2D modes exist even in the case of a weakly repulsive potential 1/r^2. In the presence of the harmonic trap, the 2D quintic model with a weakly repulsive central potential 1/r^2 gives rise to three confined modes, the middle one being unstable, spontaneously developing into a breather. In both the 3D and 2D cases, the GS wave functions are found in a numerical form, and also in the form of an analytical approximation, which is asymptotically exact in the limit of the large norm.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.

Development of un-irradiated and un-spiked laser fusion K-Ar dating for single grain minerals (2nd report)

A laser fusion K-Ar dating has been developed as an in-situ micro measurement of radiometric ages applicable for less-abundant minerals found on thin sections [1, 2]. Strong induced radio-activities in Fe-rich minerals by neutron irradiation prohibits collecting sufficient amount of mineral separates, which partly limits applications of Ar-Ar method[3]. Nonetheless, once K-Ar method establish for a single grain mineral containing trace K with <0.1 wt%, much wider applications are anticipated, e.g. fine minerals of hydrothermal origin. Thus, we have installed a laser fusion apparatus to GVI-5400He noble gas mass spectrometer of JAMSTEC, as a part of the TAIGA-project: Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas. Quantitative determination of K for trace concentration, approx. 0.1wt%, using EPMA sometimes faces poor accuracy and/or precision for a requirement of accurate dating. Thus we have been tested single grain K measurement under a low blank protocol using graphite furnace atomizer to ensure high sensitivities. This K measurement follows a laser fusion Ar measurement applied to the retrieved single melted mineral grain itself. An accurate K-Ar age determination requireds complete retrieval both K and radiogenic Ar. Thus, conditions laser irradiation and K quantitation have investigated using SORI-93 K-Ar standard [4]. Our preliminary results show a 15% older averaged age with more than 10% deviation for recommended age for SORI-93 (92.6+/-0.6Ma, [4]), which is still under investigation. [1] Sato et al. (2008) Chikyukagaku, 42, 179-199. [2] Sato et al. (2011) JpGU annual meeting 2011. [3] Ishibashi et al. (2009) J. Geogr., 118, 1186-1204. [4] Sudo et al. (1998) Geochemical J., 32, 49-58.SGL43-P02ポスター要旨 / 日本地球惑星科学連合2012年大会（2012年5月20日～5月25日, 幕張メッセ国際会議場） / 日本惑星科学連合の許諾に基づき本文ファイルを掲

ニンニク ノ ケイチョウ バイヨウ ニオケル ショウショクブツ ノ エイヨウ セイチョウ ト キュウ ノ ケイセイ ヒダイ ニ オヨボス バイヨウ コウゲン ノ エイキョウ

【諸言】組織培養における照明光の強度や質(波長)が培養植物体からのシュート形成や発根，またシュート成長やカルス成長に影響を及ぼすとの報告は少なからずあるが、ウィルスフリー苗生産を目的とした茎頂培養における最適培養光源を検討した本格的な報告は見当たらない.本報告は，ニンニクのウイルスフリー苗生産を目的とした茎頂培養における，培養光源の種類とニンニク小植物の栄養成長及び球の形成・肥大との関係を検討したものである