Ebraismo e Cristianesimo in Natalia Ginzburg

Nelle opere di Natalia Ginzburg la caratterizzazione tende a non sottolineare alcuna appartenenza religiosa, ma anche in quelle meno direttamente autobiografiche è possibile riconoscere una scala di valori intellettuali e progressisti che in Italia è particolarmente legata all’ebraismo. I caratteri di fattività e concretezza che questo atteggiamento sottintende sono rappresentati come isolamento nei personaggi italiani, e aperta vulnerabilità nei personaggi di ebrei stranieri. Gli scritti autobiografici ricostruiscono un’infanzia sotto l’ombra problematica di una mancata appartenenza religiosa che nei saggi dà luogo a una vera e propria confutazione dell’ateismo. Alcuni interventi giornalistici vertono sul tema della propria identità ebraica e in particolare sulla differenza fra ebrei e israeliani, mentre altri, insieme con le uniche due poesie dell’autrice, indicano il recupero, o la conquista, di un atteggiamento religioso che evidenzia una sostanziale continuità fra ebraismo e cristianesimo

Apoptotic response of malignant rhabdoid tumor cells

BACKGROUND: Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are extremely aggressive and resist current radio- and chemotherapic treatments. To gain insight into the dysfunctions of MRT cells, the apoptotic response of a model cell line, MON, was analyzed after exposure to several genotoxic and non-genotoxic agents employed separately or in association. RESULTS: Fluorescence microscopy of chromatin morphology and electrophoretic analysis of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation revealed that MON cells were, comparatively to HeLa cells, resistant to apoptosis after treatment with etoposide, cisplatin (CisPt) or X-rays, but underwent some degree of apoptosis after ultraviolet (UV) C irradiation. Concomitant treatment of MON cells with X-rays or vinblastine and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin resulted in synergistic induction of apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that the p53 protein was upregulated in MON cells after exposure to all the different agents tested, singly or in combination. In treated cells, the p53 downstream effectors p21(WAF1/CIP1), Mdm2 and Bax were induced with some inconsistency with regard to the accumulation of p53. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, indicative of ongoing apoptosis, occurred in UVC-irradiated cells and, especially, in cells treated with combinations of X-rays or vinblastine with wortmannin. However, there was moderate or no PARP cleavage in cells treated with CisPt, X-rays, vinblastine or wortmannin singly or with the combinations X-rays plus CisPt or vinblastine and CisPt plus vinblastine or wortmannin. The synergistic effect on the induction of apoptosis exerted by some agent combinations corresponded with synergy in respect of MON cell growth inhibition. CONCLUSION: These results suggest abnormalities in the p53 pathway and apoptosis control in MRT cells. The Ras/PI3-K/AKT signaling pathway might also be deregulated in these cells by generating an excess of survival factors. These dysfunctions might contribute to the resistance of MRTs to current antineoplastic treatments and could warrant consideration in the search of new therapeutic approaches