Halimium as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont: new records and an appreciation of known fungal diversity

AbstractHalimium is a genus of Cistaceae, containing a small group of shrub species found in open vegetation types and in degraded forest patches throughout the western and central Mediterranean region. We recently described the morpho-anatomical features of the ectomycorrhizae formed by Scleroderma meridionale on Halimium halimifolium, but the mycorrhizal biology of this host plant genus is still largely unexplored. Here, we report new data on the ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of Halimium, based on the collection of sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal root tips in pure stands occurring in Sardinia, Italy. To obtain a broader view of Halimium mycorrhizal and ecological potential, we compiled a comprehensive and up-to-date checklist of fungal species reported to establish ectomycorrhizae on Halimium spp. on the basis of field observations, molecular approaches, and mycorrhiza synthesis. Our list comprises 154 records, corresponding to 102 fungal species and 35 genera, revealing a significant diversity of the Halimium ectomycorrhizal mycobiota. Key ectomycorrhizal genera like Russula, Lactarius/Lactifluus, Amanita, Inocybe, and Cortinarius account for more than half of all mycobionts. A large proportion of Halimium fungal species are shared with other host plants in various ecological settings, suggesting a critical role of common mycorrhizal networks in the function played by this shrub in various Mediterranean ecosystems

New records and noteworthy data of plants, algae and fungi in SE Europe and adjacent regions, 14

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: diatom algae Cyclostephanos invisitatus, Cyclotella meduanae, and Stephanodiscus lacustris, mycorrhizal fungi Alessioporus ichnusanus and Amanita mairei, saprotrophic fungi Diaporthe oncostoma, Stropharia albonitens and Pseudomassaria chondrospora, lichenised fungus Acrocordia subglobosa, stonewort Chara connivens, mosses Buxbaumia viridis, Tortella fasciculata and Tortula protobryoides, monocots Epipactis pontica Gymnadenia frivaldii, and Orchis italica and dicots Callitriche brutia, Callitriche platycarpa and Epilobium nutans are given within SE Europe and adjacent regions

Bioresources for a sustainable agriculture: potentialities of Minimedusa polyspora and Chaetomium globosum as plant growth promoting fungi

Feeding a constantly growing global population, while facing global change, without further impairing the environment is probably the greatest challenge our society is facing nowadays. Modern agriculture mostly depends on the use of agrochemicals, including chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, due to their determinant role in enhancing efficiently and economically crop production, to meet the constantly increasing food demand. However, modern agriculture pressures determine major detrimental impacts on the environment at different spatial and temporal scales, on all the natural matrices: air, soil, and water. Consequently, mitigating agriculture’s impacts on the environment represents an urgent need and a key strategy towards sustainability. Furthermore, this challenge is also concomitant with two other major challenges: increasing food production up to 60% by 2050 due to the world population growth, and adapting to a rapidly evolving climate change. In fact, due to climate change effects, plants are already more frequently subjected to severe abiotic (e.g. drought, flooding, extreme temperature) and biotic (e.g. pathogens and pest outbreaks) stresses, while future scenarios foresee these phenomena to become even more severe. In this context, plant growth promotion represents an interesting sustainable solution that may play a key role in increasing crop resilience and productivity in adverse environmental conditions, minimizing agrochemicals applications and tackling climate change effects. Indeed, in healthy ecosystems soil microorganisms, through the wide array of ecosystem services they provide, express a multifunctionality that support soil productivity and plant growth. In particular, microbial strains with high soil colonization potential and multiple plant growth promoting traits — such as the ability to stimulate the plant, increase nutrient availability, exert biocontrol activity against detrimental microorganisms, and biodegrade organic pollutant and detoxifying inorganic pollutants — present a higher efficacy due to their multipurpose applicability. In this context, fungi as multifunctional microorganisms, perfectly adapted to soil microhabitats, thanks to their functional traits, metabolic plasticity and highly potent and relatively non-specific enzymes, represent valuable and effective potential bioresources. This thesis aimed to characterize Minimedusa polyspora (Hotson) Weresub & P. M. LeClair and Chaetomium globosum Kunze, two strains of soil saprotrophic fungi, for multiple activities — including biostimulation, biocontrol and bioremediation — that may contribute to plant growth promotion, to assess their potential as multifunctional bioresources for biotechnological application aimed at promoting a more sustainable agriculture. Therefore, following a general introduction and literature review on the topic, three chapters, each one addressing these species characterization for a specific activity that may contribute to plant growth promotion, are reported. The first study presented in this thesis focused on assessing the efficacy of M. polyspora and C. globosum culture filtrates as biostimulant for the cultivation Cichorium intybus (L.), a plant of agricultural and medicinal interest. In a pot experiment set up in walk-in chambers, chicory plants, one month after the transfer of the seedlings in pots, were stimulated by soil drenching with 8 ml/pot (30 ml/kg of soil) of the culture filtrates obtained by a 14-days incubation of the fungal strains in Malt Extract Broth (MEB), or the same amount of uninoculated MEB in the control group. Fourteen days after the stimulation, plant biomasses were recovered to estimate several growth parameters and analyze the metabolomic variations occurred in roots and leaves through 1H-NMR 600 MHz. We observed for the first time that M. polyspora culture filtrate promotes an increase of biomass, both in shoots and roots, and of the leaf area, while no increase was observed in plants treated with C. globosum culture filtrate. Based on 1H-NMR metabolomics data, differential metabolites and their related metabolic pathways were highlighted. A common response in C. intybus roots involving the synthesis of 3-OH-butyrate through the decrease of the synthesis of fatty acids and sterols, as a mechanism balancing the NADPH/NADP+ ratio, was observed in both the treatments with C. globosum and M. polyspora culture filtrates. The phenylpropanoid pathway was differently triggered by the fungal culture filtrates. C. globosum culture filtrate increased phenylalanine and chicoric acid in the roots. Chicoric acid, whose biosynthetic pathway in chicory plant is putative and still not well known, is a very promising natural compound playing an important role in plant defense. Instead, M. polyspora culture filtrate interestingly stimulated an increase of 4-OH benzoate, being benzoic acids precursors for a wide variety of essential compounds playing crucial roles in plant fitness and defense response activation. Therefore, both C. globosum and M. polyspora culture filtrates affected C. intybus metabolome and, based on the findings of this study, could be considered as promising fungal bioresources for further studies aimed the development of new biostimulants. Moving on, in the second study presented in this thesis, M. polyspora and C. globosum biocontrol potential against the phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl., Berkeleyomyces basicola (Berk. & Broome) W.J. Nel, Z.W. de Beer, T.A. Duong & M.J. Wingf. and Botrytis cinerea Pers. was investigated. Plant diseases, resulting in an annual estimated loss of 10–15% of world's major crops, represent a major threat to global crops production and social and political stability of nations. 70–80% of these diseases are caused by pathogenic fungi, numbers that are expected to increase in future years due to the effect of climate change on plant-pathogens interactions. In the effort to transition to a more sustainable and resilient agriculture, the application of biological control agents and their secondary metabolites represent a promising option to support the achievement of food security, without further compromise ecosystems’ health. Therefore, it is important deepening the potential of known fungal biocontrol agents against the existing fungal pathogens, shedding further light on their action mechanisms and discovering new efficient fungal strains suitable for biotechnological applications. In vitro screenings, despite presenting several limitations, constitute valuable methods for the identification of potential biocontrol agents. Therefore, through an array of in vitro plate assays M. polyspora and C. globosum were assessed for their ability to inhibit A. alternata, B. basicola and B. cinerea growth, aiming also to gain insight on possible antimicriobial mechanism/s involved in their biological control action. More specifically, a dual culture assay, a dual culture for volatile antimicrobial compounds (performed in two different conditions), and a culture filtrate antifungal activity assay were designed to try to discriminate the impact of direct and indirect biological control mechanisms. This study results show that both M. polyspora and C. globosum were able to inhibit, to a different extent, all the pathogens’ growth in the dual culture assay, suggesting a mechanism of biocontrol involving competition for nutrients and space. M. polyspora, based on the culture filtrate antifungal activity assay, was found to exert its inhibition on all the pathogens thanks also to an antibiosis mechanism through the release of diffusible compounds. Moreover, M. polyspora culture filtrate resulted to be particularly effective especially against B. basicola whose growth was completely inhibited; furthermore, its high inhibition effect against this species was also observed in the dual culture for volatile antimicrobial compounds assay, suggesting that M. polyspora antagonism against B. basicola occurs through multiple or mixed mechanisms. Therefore, based on this preliminary study’s results M. polyspora and C. globosum are promising biocontrol agents of three fungal phytopathogens of economical and agronomical relevance, and consequently species of interest for further studies in this area aimed at validating their potential as antagonists in in vivo conditions. Finally, the last study focused on evaluating M. polyspora and C. globosum bioremediation potentialities towards glyphosate. Addressing, in particular, their ability to tolerate and utilize glyphosate as a nutritional source and eventually degrade it. Indeed, glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide worldwide. Its improper use during recent decades has resulted in glyphosate contamination of soils and waters. Fungal bioremediation is an environmentally friendly, cost effective, and feasible solution to glyphosate contamination in soils. In this study, M. polyspora and C. globosum together with other 16 saprotrophic fungal strains were screened in vitro for their ability to tolerate and eventually utilize Roundup at two different concentrations (1 mM and 10 mM) in different cultural conditions as a nutritional source. M. polyspora and C. globosum were found to be tolerant to RoundUp, a glyphosate-based herbicide, only at the concentration of 1 mM, while a concentration of 10 mM completely inhibited their growth. Moreover, Purpureocillium lilacinum was further screened to evaluate the ability to break down and utilize glyphosate as a P source in a liquid medium. The dose-response effect for Roundup, and the difference in toxicity between pure glyphosate and Roundup were also studied. This study’s results highlight the ability of several strains to tolerate 1 mM and 10 mM Roundup and to utilize it as a nutritional source. P. lilacinum was reported for the first time for its ability to degrade glyphosate to a considerable extent (80%) and to utilize it as a P source, without showing dose-dependent negative effects on growth. Pure glyphosate was found to be more toxic than Roundup for P. lilacinum. Our results showed that pure glyphosate toxicity can be only partially addressed by the pH decrease determined in the culture medium. In conclusion, despite the strains studied in this thesis were not able to degrade glyphosate, experimental results emphasized the in vitro noteworthy potential in glyphosate degradation of P. lilacinum, another fungal strain of biotechnological interest. In conclusion, based on this thesis’ results M. polyspora and C. globosum showed promising potentialities as plant growth promoting fungi and should be further studied as bioresources for eventual biotechnological applications towards a sustainable agriculture. This thesis, in addition to the studies addressing its aim, includes also an additional section composed of three published papers dealing with topics regarding fungal species conservation applying IUCN red-listing criteria and the biotechnological potentialities of strains preserved in the culture collection of the Fungal Biodiversity Laboratory of the Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome

Reappraisal of the Genus Exsudoporus (Boletaceae) Worldwide Based on Multi-Gene Phylogeny, Morphology and Biogeography, and Insights on Amoenoboletus

The boletoid genera Butyriboletus and Exsudoporus have recently been suggested by some researchers to constitute a single genus, and Exsudoporus was merged into Butyriboletus as a later synonym. However, no convincing arguments have yet provided significant evidence for this congeneric placement. In this study, we analyze material from Exsudoporus species and closely related taxa to assess taxonomic and phylogenetic boundaries between these genera and to clarify species delimitation within Exsudoporus. Outcomes from a multilocus phylogenetic analysis (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α and rpb2) clearly resolve Exsudoporus as a monophyletic, homogenous and independent genus that is sister to Butyriboletus. An accurate morphological description, comprehensive sampling, type studies, line drawings and a historical overview on the nomenclatural issues of the type species E. permagnificus are provided. Furthermore, this species is documented for the first time from Israel in association with Quercus calliprinos. The previously described North American species Exsudoporus frostii and E. floridanus are molecularly confirmed as representatives of Exsudoporus, and E. floridanus is epitypified. The eastern Asian species Leccinum rubrum is assigned here to Exsudoporus based on molecular evidence, and a new combination is proposed. Sequence data from the original material of the Japanese Boletus kermesinus were generated, and its conspecificity with L. rubrum is inferred as formerly presumed based on morphology. Four additional cryptic species from North and Central America previously misdetermined as either B. frostii or B. floridanus are phylogenetically placed but remain undescribed due to the paucity of available material. Boletus weberi (syn. B. pseudofrostii) and Xerocomus cf. mcrobbii cluster outside of Exsudoporus and are herein assigned to the recently described genus Amoenoboletus. Biogeographic distribution patterns are elucidated, and a dichotomous key to all known species of Exsudoporus worldwide is presented

The Checklist of Sicilian Macrofungi: Second Edition

Approximately 30 years after the publication of the first Sicilian checklist of macrofungi,a new updated version is presented here. The census of macromycetes was carried out through periodic observations in different agricultural and forest ecosystems, in urban areas, in public and private gardens, and in botanical gardens. The 1919 infraspecific taxa included in 508 genera belonging to 152 families were collected in the Sicilian territory. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are the most represented ecological category, followed by saprotrophs on wood, saprotrophs on litter, and terricolous saprotrophs. The interest in this rich group of organisms is evidenced by the nutritional and therapeutic value of a high percentage of species. The actions linked to the National Recovery and Resilience Plan and The Network for the Study of Mycological Diversity will further increase the number of macrofungi for Sicily in the future

Contribució al coneixement micològic de les Illes Balears (Espanya). XXV.

Se citen 83 tàxons de fongs, dels quals un representa nova citació a Europa: Waydora typica (Rodway) Sutton, dues són noves citacions per Espanya: Arthrinium phragmites Crous i Arthrinium rasikravindrae Shiv M. Singh, L.S. Yadav, P.N. Singh, Rah. Sharma & S.K. Singh, i 28 són primeres citacions a les Illes Balears: Harknessia spermatoidea R. Galán, G. Moreno & B. Sutton, Geoglossum subumbratile nom. prov. ss Arauzo & Iglesias, Helicoceras celtidis (Biv.) Linder, Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.) Fr., Desmazierella acicola Lib., Marcelleina benkertii J. Moravec, Octospora affinis Benkert & L. Krieglsteiner, O. gemmicola Benkert, O. musci-muralis Graddon, Tarzetta gaillardiana (Boud.) Korf & Roberts, Trichophaea woolhopeia (Cooke & W. Phillips) Boud., Helminthosporium microsorum D. Sacc., Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr., Lophiostoma viridarium Cooke, Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri (Mont.) Petr., Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (Fr.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, Coccomyces dentatus (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Sacc., Clavulinopsis helvola (Pers.) Corner, Hebeloma sordescens Vesterh., Infundibulicybe alkaliviolascens Bellù, Lyophyllum amariusculum Clémençon, Resupinatus europaeus Consiglio & Setti, Rimbachia neckerae (Fr.) Redhead, Xerocomus chrysonemus A.E. Hills & A.F.S. Taylor, Phallus hadriani Vent., Dacryobolus karstenii (Bres.) Oberw. ex Parmasto, Stereopsis reidii Losi & A. Gennari i Russula archaeosuberis Sarnari. També 13 tàxons són primeres citacions a Mallorca i 1 a Menorca. S'aporten notes sobre llur taxonomia, ecologia i corologia.Contribution to the knowledge of the funga of the Balearic Islands (Spain). XXV. 83 taxa of fungi found in the Balearic Islands are reported and discussed. After the information available to us, 1 of them seems to be a new record in Europe: Waydora typica (Rodway) Sutton, 2 of them for Spain: Arthrinium phragmites Crous i Arthrinium rasikravindrae Shiv M. Singh, L.S. Yadav, P.N. Singh, Rah. Sharma & S.K. Singh; 28 for the Balearic Islands: Harknessia spermatoidea R. Galán, G. Moreno & B. Sutton, Geoglossum subumbratile nom. prov. ss Arauzo & Iglesias, Helicoceras celtidis (Biv.) Linder, Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.) Fr., Desmazierella acicola Lib., Marcelleina benkertii J. Moravec, Octospora affinis Benkert & L. Krieglsteiner, O. gemmicola Benkert, O. musci-muralis Graddon, Tarzetta gaillardiana (Boud.) Korf & Roberts, Trichophaea woolhopeia (Cooke & W. Phillips) Boud., Helminthosporium microsorum D. Sacc., Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr., Lophiostoma viridarium Cooke, Macrodiplodiopsis desmazieri (Mont.) Petr., Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum (Fr.) Aveskamp, Gruyter & Verkley, Coccomyces dentatus (J.C. Schmidt & Kunze) Sacc., Clavulinopsis helvola (Pers.) Corner, Hebeloma sordescens Vesterh., Infundibulicybe alkaliviolascens Bellù, Lyophyllum amariusculum Clémençon, Resupinatus europaeus Consiglio & Setti, Rimbachia neckerae (Fr.) Redhead, Xerocomus chrysonemus A.E. Hills & A.F.S. Taylor, Phallus hadriani Vent., Dacryobolus karstenii (Bres.) Oberw. ex Parmasto, Stereopsis reidii Losi & A. Gennari and Russula archaeosuberis Sarnari. Also 13 of them are new records in Mallorca island and 1 in Minorca island. Remarks on their ecology, taxonomy and chorology are also included

Biodiversity, Distribution and Conservation of Plants and Fungi

This Special Issue brings together some interconnected topics related to fungi and plants such as biodiversity, taxonomy, conservation, molecular phylogeny, ecology, and plant–fungal interactions. Additionally, some applied aspects are covered, such as phytoremediation, the improvement of spinach growth by biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, bio-friendly solutions for waste reduction, the accumulation of rare-earth elements by wild edible mushrooms, etc

Fungal Planet Description Sheets: 1112–1181

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Austroboletus asper on soil, Cylindromonium alloxyli on leaves of Alloxylon pinnatum, Davidhawksworthia quintiniae on leaves of Quintinia sieberi, Exophiala prostantherae on leaves of Prostanthera sp., Lactifluus lactiglaucus on soil, Linteromyces quintiniae (incl. Linteromyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Quintinia sieberi, Lophotrichus medusoides from stem tissue of Citrus garrawayi, Mycena pulchra on soil, Neocalonectria tristaniopsidis (incl. Neocalonectria gen. nov.) and Xyladictyochaeta tristaniopsidis on leaves of Tristaniopsis collina, Parasarocladium tasmanniae on leaves of Tasmannia insipida, Phytophthora aquae-cooljarloo from pond water, Serendipita whamiae as endophyte from roots of Eriochilus cucullatus, Veloboletus limbatus (incl. Veloboletus gen. nov.) on soil. Austria, Cortinarius glaucoelotus on soil. Bulgaria, Suhomyces rilaensis from the gut of Bolitophagus interruptus found on a Polyporus sp. Canada, Cantharellus betularum among leaf litter of Betula, Penicillium saanichii from house dust. Chile, Circinella lampensis on soil, Exophiala embothrii from rhizosphere of Embothrium coccineum. China, Colletotrichum cycadis on leaves of Cycas revoluta. Croatia, Phialocephala melitaea on fallen branch of Pinus halepensis. Czech Republic, Geoglossum jirinae on soil, Pyrenochaetopsis rajhradensis from dead wood of Buxus sempervirens. Dominican Republic, Amanita domingensis on litter of deciduous wood, Melanoleuca dominicana on forest litter. France, Crinipellis nigrolamellata (Martinique) on leaves of Pisonia fragrans, Talaromyces pulveris from bore dust of Xestobium rufovillosum infesting floorboards. French Guiana, Hypoxylon hepaticolor on dead corticated branch. Great Britain, Inocybe ionolepis on soil. India, Cortinarius indopurpurascens among leaf litter of Quercus leucotrichophora. Iran, Pseudopyricularia javanii on infected leaves of Cyperus sp., Xenomonodictys iranica (incl. Xenomonodictys gen. nov.) on wood of Fagus orientalis. Italy, Penicillium vallebormidaense from compost. Namibia, Alternaria mirabibensis on plant litter, Curvularia moringae and Moringomyces phantasmae (incl. Moringomyces gen. nov.) on leaves and flowers of Moringa ovalifolia, Gobabebomyces vachelliae (incl. Gobabebomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Vachellia erioloba, Preussia procaviae on dung of Procavia capensis. Pakistan, Russula shawarensis from soil on forest floor. Russia, Cyberlindnera dauci from Daucus carota. South Africa, Acremonium behniae on leaves of Behnia reticulata, Dothiora aloidendri and Hantamomyces aloidendri (incl. Hantamomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Aloidendron dichotomum, Endoconidioma euphorbiae on leaves of Euphorbia mauritanica, Eucasphaeria proteae on leaves of Protea neriifolia , Exophiala mali from inner fruit tissue of Malus sp., Graminopassalora geissorhizae on leaves of Geissorhiza splendidissima, Neocamarosporium leipoldtiae on leaves of Leipoldtia schultzii, Neocladosporium osteospermi on leaf spots of Osteospermum moniliferum, Neometulocladosporiella seifertii on leaves of Combretum caffrum, Paramyrothecium pituitipietianum on stems of Grielum humifusum, Phytopythium paucipapillatum from roots of Vitis sp., Stemphylium carpobroti and Verrucocladosporium carpobroti on leaves of Carpobrotus quadrifolius, Suttonomyces cephalophylli on leaves of Cephalophyllum pilansii. Sweden, Coprinopsis rubra on cow dung, Elaphomyces nemoreus fromdeciduouswoodlands. Spain, Polyscytalum pini-canariensis on needles of Pinus canariensis, Pseudosubramaniomyces septatus from stream sediment, Tuber lusitanicum on soil under Quercus suber. Thailand, Tolypocladium flavonigrum on Elaphomyces sp. USA, Chaetothyrina spondiadis on fruits of Spondias mombin, Gymnascella minnisii from bat guano, Juncomyces patwiniorum on culms of Juncus effusus, Moelleriella puertoricoensis on scale insect, Neodothiora populina (incl. Neodothiora gen. nov.) on stem cankers of Populus tremuloides, Pseudogymnoascus palmeri fromcavesediment. Vietnam, Cyphellophora vietnamensis on leaf litter, Tylopilus subotsuensis on soil in montane evergreen broadleaf forest. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes

Fungal Planet description sheets: 716–784

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetopsina eucalypti on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Colletotrichum cobbittiense from Cordyline stricta × C. australis hybrid, Cyanodermella banksiae on Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha, Discosia macrozamiaeon Macrozamia miquelii, Elsinoë banksiigena on Banksia marginata, Elsinoë elaeocarpi on Elaeocarpussp., Elsinoë leucopogonis on Leucopogon sp., Helminthosporium livistonae on Livistona australis, Idriellomyces eucalypti (incl. Idriellomyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Lareunionomyces eucalyption Eucalyptus sp., Myrotheciomyces corymbiae (incl. Myrotheciomyces gen. nov., Myrotheciomycetaceaefam. nov.), Neolauriomyces eucalypti (incl. Neolauriomyces gen. nov., Neolauriomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp., Nullicamyces eucalypti (incl. Nullicamyces gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus leaf litter, Oidiodendron eucalypti on Eucalyptus maidenii, Paracladophialophora cyperacearum (incl. Paracladophialophoraceae fam. nov.) and Periconia cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae, Porodiplodia livistonae (incl. Porodiplodia gen. nov., Porodiplodiaceae fam. nov.) on Livistona australis, Sporidesmium melaleucae (incl. Sporidesmiales ord. nov.) on Melaleuca sp., Teratosphaeria sieberi on Eucalyptus sieberi, Thecaphora australiensis in capsules of a variant of Oxalis exilis. Brazil, Aspergillus serratalhadensis from soil, Diaporthe pseudoinconspicua from Poincianella pyramidalis, Fomitiporella pertenuis on dead wood, Geastrum magnosporum on soil, Marquesius aquaticus (incl. Marquesius gen. nov.) from submerged decaying twig and leaves of unidentified plant, Mastigosporella pigmentata from leaves of Qualea parviflorae, Mucor souzae from soil, Mycocalia aquaphila on decaying wood from tidal detritus, Preussia citrullina as endophyte from leaves of Citrullus lanatus, Queiroziella brasiliensis (incl. Queiroziella gen. nov.) as epiphytic yeast on leaves of Portea leptantha, Quixadomyces cearensis (incl. Quixadomyces gen. nov.) on decaying bark, Xylophallus clavatus on rotten wood. Canada, Didymella carion Carum carvi and Coriandrum sativum. Chile, Araucasphaeria foliorum (incl. Araucasphaeria gen. nov.) on Araucaria araucana, Aspergillus tumidus from soil, Lomentospora valparaisensis from soil. Colombia, Corynespora pseudocassiicola on Byrsonima sp., Eucalyptostroma eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus pellita, Neometulocladosporiella eucalypti (incl. Neometulocladosporiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Tracylla eucalypti (incl. Tracyllaceae fam. nov., Tracyllalales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla. Cyprus, Gyromitra anthracobia (incl. Gyromitra subg. Pseudoverpa) on burned soil. Czech Republic, Lecanicillium restrictum from the surface of the wooden barrel, Lecanicillium testudineum from scales of Trachemys scripta elegans. Ecuador, Entoloma yanacolor and Saproamanita quitensis on soil. France, Lentithecium carbonneanum from submerged decorticated Populus branch. Hungary, Pleuromyces hungaricus (incl. Pleuromyces gen. nov.) from a large Fagus sylvatica log. Iran, Zymoseptoria crescenta on Aegilops triuncialis. Malaysia, Ochroconis musicola on Musa sp. Mexico, Cladosporium michoacanense from soil. New Zealand, Acrodontium metrosideri on Metrosideros excelsa, Polynema podocarpi on Podocarpus totara, Pseudoarthrographis phlogis (incl. Pseudoarthrographis gen. nov.) on Phlox subulata. Nigeria, Coprinopsis afrocinerea on soil. Pakistan, Russula mansehraensis on soil under Pinus roxburghii. Russia, Baorangia alexandri on soil in deciduous forests with Quercus mongolica. South Africa, Didymocyrtis brachylaenae on Brachylaena discolor. Spain, Alfaria dactylisfrom fruit of Phoenix dactylifera, Dothiora infuscans from a blackened wall, Exophiala nidicola from the nest of an unidentified bird, Matsushimaea monilioides from soil, Terfezia morenoi on soil. United Arab Emirates, Tirmania honrubiae on soil. USA, Arxotrichum wyomingense (incl. Arxotrichum gen. nov.) from soil, Hongkongmyces snookiorum from submerged detritus from a fresh water fen, Leratiomyces tesquorum from soil, Talaromyces tabacinus on leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Vietnam, Afroboletus vietnamensis on soil in an evergreen tropical forest, Colletotrichum condaoense from Ipomoea pes-caprae.Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided