The Effects of Yoga and Aerobic Exercise on Concentration and Feeling-States

The impacts of yoga and aerobic exercise on level of concentration and change in feeling-states were examined in this study. They hypothesis was that concentration and feeling-states would improve over a yoga and aerobic exercise session, but yoga, a combination of exercise and meditation, was expected to produce greater positive changes than aerobic exercise. Participants included 70 students from Roger Williams University, 27 male and 43 female. 34 took part in 30 minutes of yoga and 36 took part in 30 minutes of aerobic exercise. Concentration levels and feeling-states improved significantly over sessions of both yoga and aerobic exercise sessions equally. Results indicate that aerobic exercise and yoga both produce positive changes in concentration, stress, energy, and well-being while only yoga produces improvements in mood and self-satisfaction

PENGARUH LATIHAN KONTINYU DAN INTERVAL TERHADAP KAPASITAS AEROBIK

This research aims at studying: (1) The influence of continual exercise towards aerobic capacity, (2) The influence of interval exercise towards aerobic capacity, (3) The different effectiveness of continual and interval towards maximal aerobic capacity. This is an experimental research study using Pre-Test-Post-Test Group Design. The populations in this research were 23 volleyball players of “Garuda” from Kulonprogo Regency, Yogyakarta. The samples were all populations so that this study is called as population research. The instruments used in this research were Multistage Fitness Test. The data were analyzed using t test, and mean deficiency. The results show that: (1) there were significant influences of continuous exercise towards the aerobic capacity, (2) there were significant influences of interval exercise towards the aerobic capacity, (3) there were significant differences in the effectiveness of continuous and interval exercise towards the aerobic capacity. Continuous exercise was more effective than the interval one. Keywords: Continuous Exercise, Interval Exercise, Aerobic Capacit

PENGARUH LATIHAN AEROBIK DAN ANAEROBIK TERHADAP AMBANG ANAEROBIK

This research is aimed at demonstrating: 1) the effects of aerobic exercise towards the increase of anaerobic threshold, 2) the effects of anaerobic exercise towards the anaerobic threshold, 3) the difference in effectiveness of aerobic and anaerobic exercise towards anaerobic threshold. This is an experimental study using Pretest – Posttest Group Design. The populations involved in this study were 21 volleyball players of GARUDA from Kulonprogo regency, Yogyakarta. The samples were all players of the population so that it is categorized as population research. The samples were divided into two experimental groups which were aerobic and anaerobic groups using ordinal-pairing approach. The variables were: 1) independent variables: Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercises, 2) the dependant variable: anaerobic threshold. To determine anaerobic threshold, the researcher used running tests from Janssen (1989). The data were analyzed using T-test and mean variation. The results of normality tests using Kolmogorov Smirnov for aerobic exercise, Z count 0.513 P = 0.955, the status of spreading was normal while Z count for anaerobic exercise was 0.625 p = 0.829, the status of spreading was normal. Homogeneity tests using F-tests resulted in F = 0.003, P = 0.959, meaning that the variance of the samples was homogenous. The hypothesis test to experimental group I which was the group of aerobic exercise resulted in t count = -16.686, p = 0.000 which implied that there was significant influence of aerobic exercise towards anaerobic threshold and one to experimental group II which was the group of aerobic exercise resulted in t count = -16.754, p = 0.000 which implied that there was significant influence of aerobic exercise towards anaerobic threshold. The mean pre-test was 58.55, Post-test was 167.557, so that the mean difference was 9. For the anaerobic exercise, the mean of Pre-test was 158.80 and Post-test was 163,30, so that the mean difference was 4.50. Thus, the aerobic exercise had bigger mean differences than anaerobic exercise which implies that aerobic exercise was more effective than anaerobic in relation to the capacity of anaerobic threshold. Keywords: Anaerobic threshold, field exercis

Does Aerobic Exercise Increase 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Workers With High Occupational Physical Activity?-A RCT.

ObjectiveHigh occupational physical activity (OPA) increases cardiovascular risk and aerobic exercise has been recommended for reducing this risk. This paper investigates the effects of an aerobic exercise intervention on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) among cleaners with high OPA.MethodsHundred and sixteen cleaners between 18 and 65 years were randomized. During the 4-month intervention period, the aerobic exercise group (AE) (n = 57) performed worksite aerobic exercise (2 × 30 minutes/week), while the reference group (REF) (n = 59) attended lectures. Between-group differences in 4-month ABP changes were evaluated by intention-to-treat analysis using a repeated-measure 2 × 2 multiadjusted mixed-models design.ResultsRelative to REF, 24-hour ABP significantly increased in AE: systolic 3.6 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-5.7) and diastolic 2.3 mm Hg (95% CI 0.9-3.8). Cleaners with high aerobic workload exhibited particularly high 24-hour ABP increases: systolic 6.0 mm Hg (95% CI 2.4-9.6), and diastolic 3.8 mm Hg (95% CI 1.3-6.4).ConclusionAerobic exercise increased 24-hour ABP among cleaners. This adverse effect raises questions about the safety and intended benefits of aerobic exercise, especially among workers with high OPA and a demanding aerobic workload. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN86682076. Unique identifier ISRCTN86682076.Clinical trial registrationTrial Number ISRCTN86682076

Stability and performance of two GSBR operated in alternating anoxic/aerobic or anaerobic/aerobic conditions for nutrient removal

Two granular sludge sequencing batch reactors (GSBR) with alternating anoxic/aerobic (R1) and anaerobic/aerobic (R2) conditions were operated with a 4-carbon-source synthetic influent. The physical properties of the granular sludge were very good (SVI≈20 mL g−1) and high solid concentrations (up to 35 g L−1) were obtained in the bioreactor operated with a pre-anoxic phase with additional nitrate (R1). In contrast, performance and granule settleability were lower in R2 due to the development of filamentous heterotrophic bacteria on the surface of granules. These disturbances were linked to the fact that a fraction of COD remained during the aerobic phase, which was not stored during the anaerobic period. To stabilize a GSBR with a mixture of organic carbon sources, it is thus necessary to maximize the amount of substrate used during the non-aerated, anaerobic or anoxic, phase. Comparable phosphate removal efficiency was observed in both systems; enhanced biological P removal being greater in anaerobic/aerobic conditions, while the contribution of precipitation (Ca–P) was more significant in anoxic/aerobic conditions

Does macronutrient consumption affect aerobic capacity?

Background: Fitness in the United States is declining as the prevalence of obesity rises. It is known generally that exercise and diet both play a part in becoming fit, therefore veering away from being obese and/or overweight. Although people are aware they need to eat healthy foods and participate in physical activity, the role that dietary behaviors have on exercise, particularly aerobic capacity, remains unresolved. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze dietary behaviors and to examine associations with maximal aerobic capacity. We hypothesize that those who consume each food group will have a higher volume of oxygen uptake. Methodology: This cross-sectional study consisted of a convenience sample of students, faculty, and staff (at least 18 years and older) that visited the Exercise Science Research Center as part of the larger Exercise is Medicine project. Participants completed a treadmill maximal oxygen uptake test to determine their VO2 max and were administered a 24-hour diet recall. In addition, they completed an online survey on dietary behaviors. Preliminary analyses examined associations between dietary patterns from the online survey and aerobic capacity. Linear regressions were used to test the associations between dietary behaviors (independent variable) and aerobic capacity (dependent variable) and were adjusted for sex and age. Results: There were a total of 47 participants (n=29 women) to date who have participated, with a mean age of 29.2 (SD 12.5, range 19.1 to 66.0). The average aerobic capacity of women was 36.6 ml/kg/min (SD 8.0), ranging from 15.2 to 51.8. The average aerobic capacity of men was 43.4 ml/kg/min (SD 6.8), ranging from 33.1 to 55.1. Aerobic capacity did not differ between those who drank milk daily vs those who did not (β -2.7, p=.350), those who ate fruit daily (β -.06, p=.798), ate whole grains at least 3 times per week (-2.9, p=.257), ate red meat at least 3 days per week (β -0.4, p=.844), or those who never ate dessert (β -7.1, p=.098). Discussion: There were no significant differences in VO2 max scores between those who consumed milk, fruit, whole grains, red meat, and dessert versus those that did not. This is likely because aerobic capacity is altered from performing exercise, rather than eating certain food groups. Although dietary behaviors are not associated with aerobic capacity, the evaluation of macronutrients compared to aerobic capacity will be examined as a part of this study. In the future, studies should include an analysis of both energy consumption and exercise participation to improve health and fitness outcomes

Failure to meet aerobic fitness standards among urban elementary students

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of aerobic fitness with the elementary school environment and student characteristics among 4th and 5th grade children attending urban public schools in St. Louis, MO, USA. This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2012–2015 and included 2381 children (mean age 10.5 y) who completed the FITNESSGRAM® 20-m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run. Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) was defined according to FITNESSGRAM® aerobic capacity criteria. Other student-level variables included age, race, National School Lunch Program eligibility, BMI z-score, weight status, and daily pedometer steps. School environment variables included playground features and playground safety, physical education and recess practices, and school census tract data on vacant houses and median household income. Bivariate analyses with sex stratification were used to identify student-level and school-level predictors of failure to achieve the aerobic HFZ; predictors were then included in a multivariable logistic regression model. Failure to meet the aerobic HFZ was observed among 33% of boys and 57% of girls. School environment was not predictive, but higher age and fewer daily steps were: each additional year of age was associated with 41% higher odds of failing to meet the aerobic HFZ among boys and 100% higher odds among girls. Conversely, each additional 1000 daily steps was associated with 15% (boys) and 13% (girls) lower odds of failure. Obesity posed a 60% higher risk of failure to meet HFZ among girls. These results highlight the importance of childhood physical activity opportunities, especially for girls residing in low-resource areas. Keywords: Aerobic fitness, School, Environment, Student, Child, Urban, Low-resourc

(Per)chlorate-reducing bacteria can utilize aerobic and anaerobic pathways of aromatic degradation with (per)chlorate as an electron acceptor.

UnlabelledThe pathways involved in aromatic compound oxidation under perchlorate and chlorate [collectively known as (per)chlorate]-reducing conditions are poorly understood. Previous studies suggest that these are oxygenase-dependent pathways involving O2 biogenically produced during (per)chlorate respiration. Recently, we described Sedimenticola selenatireducens CUZ and Dechloromarinus chlorophilus NSS, which oxidized phenylacetate and benzoate, two key intermediates in aromatic compound catabolism, coupled to the reduction of perchlorate or chlorate, respectively, and nitrate. While strain CUZ also oxidized benzoate and phenylacetate with oxygen as an electron acceptor, strain NSS oxidized only the latter, even at a very low oxygen concentration (1%, vol/vol). Strains CUZ and NSS contain similar genes for both the anaerobic and aerobic-hybrid pathways of benzoate and phenylacetate degradation; however, the key genes (paaABCD) encoding the epoxidase of the aerobic-hybrid phenylacetate pathway were not found in either genome. By using transcriptomics and proteomics, as well as by monitoring metabolic intermediates, we investigated the utilization of the anaerobic and aerobic-hybrid pathways on different electron acceptors. For strain CUZ, the results indicated utilization of the anaerobic pathways with perchlorate and nitrate as electron acceptors and of the aerobic-hybrid pathways in the presence of oxygen. In contrast, proteomic results suggest that strain NSS may use a combination of the anaerobic and aerobic-hybrid pathways when growing on phenylacetate with chlorate. Though microbial (per)chlorate reduction produces molecular oxygen through the dismutation of chlorite (ClO2(-)), this study demonstrates that anaerobic pathways for the degradation of aromatics can still be utilized by these novel organisms.ImportanceS. selenatireducens CUZ and D. chlorophilus NSS are (per)chlorate- and chlorate-reducing bacteria, respectively, whose genomes encode both anaerobic and aerobic-hybrid pathways for the degradation of phenylacetate and benzoate. Previous studies have shown that (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria and chlorate-reducing bacteria (CRB) can use aerobic pathways to oxidize aromatic compounds in otherwise anoxic environments by capturing the oxygen produced from chlorite dismutation. In contrast, we demonstrate that S. selenatireducens CUZ is the first perchlorate reducer known to utilize anaerobic aromatic degradation pathways with perchlorate as an electron acceptor and that it does so in preference over the aerobic-hybrid pathways, regardless of any oxygen produced from chlorite dismutation. D. chlorophilus NSS, on the other hand, may be carrying out anaerobic and aerobic-hybrid processes simultaneously. Concurrent use of anaerobic and aerobic pathways has not been previously reported for other CRB or any microorganisms that encode similar pathways of phenylacetate or benzoate degradation and may be advantageous in low-oxygen environments

Climate change and temperature dependent biogeography: oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance in animals

Recent years have shown a rise in mean global temperatures and a shift in the geographical distribution of ectothermic animals. For a cause and effect analysis the present paper discusses those physiological processes limiting thermal tolerance. The lower heat tolerance in metazoa compared to unicellular eukaryotes and bacteria suggests that a complex systemic rather than molecular process is limiting in metazoa.Whole animal aerobic scope appears as the first process limited at low and high temperatures linked to the progressively insufficient capacity of circulation and ventilation. Oxygen levels in body fluids may decrease reflecting excessive oxygen demand at high or insufficient aerobic capacity of mitochondria at low temperatures. Aerobic scope falls at temperatures beyond the thermal optimum and vanishes at low or high critical temperatures when transition to an anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism occurs. The adjustment of mitochondrial densities on top of parallel molecular or membrane adjustments appears crucial to maintain aerobic scope and to shift thermal tolerance.In conclusion, the capacity of oxygen delivery matches full aerobic scope only within the thermal optimum. At temperatures beyond only time limited survival is supported by residual aerobic scope, then anaerobic metabolism and finally molecular protection by heat shock proteins and antioxidative defence. In a cause and effect hierarchy the progressive increase in oxygen limitation at extreme temperatures may even enhance oxidative and denaturation stress. As a corollary, capacity limitations at a complex level of organisation, the oxygen delivery system, define thermal tolerance limits before molecular functions become disturbed

Higher physical fitness levels are associated with less language decline in healthy ageing

Healthy ageing is associated with decline in cognitive abilities such as language. Aerobic fitness has been shown to ameliorate decline in some cognitive domains, but the potential benefits for language have not been examined. In a cross-sectional sample, we investigated the relationship between aerobic fitness and tip-of-the-tongue states. These are among the most frequent cognitive failures in healthy older adults and occur when a speaker knows a word but is unable to produce it. We found that healthy older adults indeed experience more tip-of-the-tongue states than young adults. Importantly, higher aerobic fitness levels decrease the probability of experiencing tip-of-the-tongue states in healthy older adults. Fitness-related differences in word finding abilities are observed over and above effects of age. This is the first demonstration of a link between aerobic fitness and language functioning in healthy older adults