Acquisition of Phonological Competence in Five-Year-Old Mentally Disabled Children

This research aims at describing language acquisition particularly at the level of phonological competence attained by mentally retarded children. The data in this research are gathered from children, who is mentally retarded, at the Panti Asuhan Yatim Sejahtera Banjarnegara. These data include vocabularies which are primarily nouns, for instance the name of transportations, fruits, and buildings. This is a descriptive-qualitative research of which steps were giving stimuli to the targeted child to pronounce some vocabularies. These pronounced-vocabularies were then employed in this research to further be examined. In order to discover the stages of language acquisition specifically at the level of phonological competence, the data will be analyzed with phonetic syllabus. Based on the result of the analysis, it indicates that the language acquisition of this mentally disabled child phonologically pronounced vocoid [i], [I], [e], [«], [a], [u], [U],  [o], [¿], and [\]; and contoid sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [c], [j], [h], [l], [m], [n], [÷], [w]; while sounds such as [Ö], [s], [r], [z], [q], and [v] were not able to be pronounced. In short, the phonological stage of language acquisition by mentally disabled child was obtained but it was not fully acquired.This research aims at describing language acquisition particularly at the level of phonological competence attained by mentally retarded children. The data in this research are gathered from children, who is mentally retarded, at the Panti Asuhan Yatim Sejahtera Banjarnegara. These data include vocabularies which are primarily nouns, for instance the name of transportations, fruits, and buildings. This is a descriptive-qualitative research of which steps were giving stimuli to the targeted child to pronounce some vocabularies. These pronounced-vocabularies were then employed in this research to further be examined. In order to discover the stages of language acquisition specifically at the level of phonological competence, the data will be analyzed with phonetic syllabus. Based on the result of the analysis, it indicates that the language acquisition of this mentally disabled child phonologically pronounced vocoid [i], [I], [e], [«], [a], [u], [U],  [o], [¿], and [\]; and contoid sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [c], [j], [h], [l], [m], [n], [÷], [w]; while sounds such as [Ö], [s], [r], [z], [q], and [v] were not able to be pronounced. In short, the phonological stage of language acquisition by mentally disabled child was obtained but it was not fully acquired

Analysis Of Phonological Errors In The Program "Lapor Pak!"

This research aims to describe phonological errors in the television program "Lapor Pak!" on the private television station Trans 7. This study is a qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive method. The data source of this research includes all utterances delivered by the hosts, invited guests, or speakers in the program "Lapor Pak!". The data collection technique used in this study is observation and note-taking. The analysis technique employed in this research is qualitative data analysis, which involves identifying, classifying, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from the research findings. The researcher found nine phonological errors, namely metathesis, monophthongization, apheresis, neutralization, zeroization, assimilation, vowel modification, epenthesis, and syncope

Phonetic Proficiency in /r/ Pronunciation: A Case Study of Chinese Students Learning Indonesian

In the realm of BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing) learning, learners grapple with a myriad of challenges, chief among them being the linguistic disparities between their native language (L1) and the target language (L2) they are striving to acquire. Mandarin Chinese, in particular, presents a unique challenge due to its partial incorporation of the /r/ sound, albeit to a lesser extent compared to Indonesian, and its distinct articulation, which varies markedly from other languages. Moreover, the pronunciation of this sound can differ among various Chinese dialects, adding an additional layer of complexity for Chinese learners of Indonesian. This study pursues three primary objectives: (1) the identification of sound changes in the /r/ sound; (2) the classification of the various types of sound changes affecting the /r/ sound; and (3) the identification of common sound changes associated with the /r/ sound within this specific learner group. To achieve these aims, a quantitative descriptive analysis methodology was employed. The research data were collected through voice recordings of 16 students enrolled in the fifth semester of the undergraduate program in Indonesian Studies at Zhejiang Yuexiu University of Foreign Languages, China. The results of the study unveiled a spectrum of phonetic proficiency levels and challenges among the participants. Notably, 75% of respondents demonstrated accurate pronunciation of the /r/ sound, showcasing a high level of proficiency in this aspect of their language acquisition. However, 15% exhibited a tendency to replace the sound with /l/, highlighting a specific area that requires targeted pedagogical interventions. Additionally, 5% grappled with zeroization, completely omitting this sound, underscoring the necessity for focused language instruction. In only 1% of instances, respondents produced words that were unidentifiable due to potential omissions, necessitating further investigation. Further research is strongly encouraged to explore the effectiveness of customized phonetic training programs and their correlation with learners' linguistic backgrounds in shaping pronunciation proficiency among Chinese students studying Indonesian

LATAH: A CLINICAL LINGUISTIC REVIEW

This study describes the speech disorder in latah patients in terms of phonology with the Clinical Linguistic approach. Latah is a linguistic behaviour that occurs when someone is shocked, accidentally issuing words spontaneously and not aware of what he/she is saying. The the subjects of the study were severe latah sufferers namely latah echolalia, coprolalia, and automatic obedience, totalling 3 people. The words spoken by latah sufferers become research material and are reviewed from the phonological aspect in a clinical linguistic perspective. The main requirement for latah people is shock. Latah sufferers should be valued more. The surrounding environment has an important role for the recovery of latah sufferers because basically latah sufferers are caused by the surrounding environment. To reduce and cure latah, sufferers must find peace of life. The rest, the sufferers are encouraged to do relaxation exercises, meditation, and concentration on a regular basis. This activity will help sufferers to recovery

High-assurance zeroization

In this paper we revisit the problem of erasing sensitive data from memory and registers during return from a cryptographic routine. While the problem and related attacker model is fairly easy to phrase, it turns out to be surprisingly hard to guarantee security in this model when implementing cryptography in common languages such as C/C++ or Rust. We revisit the issues surrounding zeroization and then present a principled solution in the sense that it guarantees that sensitive data is erased and it clearly defines when this happens. We implement our solution as extension to the formally verified Jasmin compiler and extend the correctness proof of the compiler to cover zeroization. We show that the approach seamlessly integrates with state-of-the-art protections against microarchitectural attacks by integrating zeroization into Libjade, a cryptographic library written in Jasmin with systematic protections against timing and Spectre-v1 attacks. We present benchmarks showing that in many cases the overhead of zeroization is barely measurable and that it stays below 2% except for highly optimized symmetric crypto routines on short inputs

Formal Analysis of CRT-RSA Vigilant's Countermeasure Against the BellCoRe Attack: A Pledge for Formal Methods in the Field of Implementation Security

In our paper at PROOFS 2013, we formally studied a few known countermeasures to protect CRT-RSA against the BellCoRe fault injection attack. However, we left Vigilant's countermeasure and its alleged repaired version by Coron et al. as future work, because the arithmetical framework of our tool was not sufficiently powerful. In this paper we bridge this gap and then use the same methodology to formally study both versions of the countermeasure. We obtain surprising results, which we believe demonstrate the importance of formal analysis in the field of implementation security. Indeed, the original version of Vigilant's countermeasure is actually broken, but not as much as Coron et al. thought it was. As a consequence, the repaired version they proposed can be simplified. It can actually be simplified even further as two of the nine modular verifications happen to be unnecessary. Fortunately, we could formally prove the simplified repaired version to be resistant to the BellCoRe attack, which was considered a "challenging issue" by the authors of the countermeasure themselves.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1401.817

NEW-WORD FORMATION AND SOCIAL DISRUPTION ON METAVERSE

The virtual environments have provided users with varied degrees of digital transformation, despite the fact that users are non-permanent and unconnected. To further assist the digital transition in every element of physical life, the term Metaverse has been coined. It cannot be avoided that language, furthermore linguistics, has involvement to the word framing and word creation within Metaverse. This research is purposed to determine some typical new-word formations or neologisms that impact to the establishment of terminologies within Metaverse. On the other hand, cultural aspect also becomes the concern towards this new universe; since people need to be well-informed in the term of consequence and benefits. The method of the research applied qualitative method and distributional method by Segmenting Immediate Constituents Techniques; which means the technique of dividing a construction of direct elements which form the construction. Three main theories used in this paper are neologism by Kilmer (2020), social disruption by Kumbara et al. (2020) and Metaverse by Mystakidis (2019). The paper puts three different terminologies that are analyzed using linguistic and cultural perspective. Those three words are Persistent Virtual World (PVW), blockchain and NFT that massively arise in the Metaverse terminologies. Based on the analysis, it can be inferred that those terminologies are categorized to morphological and semantic neologism; which also includes abbreviation and broadening. The notion of an immersive Internet as a massive, unified, persistent, and shared realm is at the core of Metaverse

Formal Verification of Emulated Floating-Point Arithmetic in Falcon

We show that there is a discrepancy between the emulated floating-point multiplications in the submission package of Falcon and the claimed behavior. In particular, we show that floating-point products with absolute values the smallest normal positive floating-point number are incorrectly zeroized. However, we show that the discrepancy doesn’t effect the complex fast Fourier transform by modeling the floating-point addition, subtraction, and multiplication in CryptoLine. We later implement our own floating-point multiplications in Armv7-M assembly and Jasmin and prove their equivalence with our model, demonstrating the possibility of transferring the challenging verification task (verifying highly-optimized assembly) to the presumably more readable code base (Jasmin)

Analisis Kesalahan Perubahan Bunyi Bahasa Indonesia pada Tuturan Mahasiswa BIPA Tingkat Pemula di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

This study aims to describe the form of sound change symptoms and the factors that cause sound changes. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The research data is based on learning speaking skills for 9 meetings from 12 meetings with a duration of 30 minutes. The source of research data is based on the results of Zoom video recordings of the speaking learning process for BIPA students at the beginner level, totaling 1 student from Egypt and 2 students from Uzbekistan. The data collection technique used is the technique of recording, listening, and taking notes. The data analysis used is error analysis. The results obtained were found data forms of assimilation changes, data forms of vocal modifications, data forms of anapticsis sound epenthesis, data forms anapticsis sound paragog, data forms zeroization of syncope sounds, data forms zeroization of apocope sounds, data forms monophthong changes, lenisi form data. The factors that cause changes in sound assimilation, vocal modification, anaptiksis, zeroization, monophthong, and lenisi, so that educators can provide special training to students from Egypt and Uzbekistan in learning speaking skills. The impact of these sound changes resulted in differences in meaning and improper pronunciation.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk kesalahan perubahan bunyi dan faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan bunyi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Data penelitian didasarkan pada pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara selama 9x pertemuan dari 12x pertemuan dengan durasi 30 menit. Sumber data penelitian didasarkan pada hasil rekaman video Zoom Meeting proses pembelajaran berbicara mahasiswa BIPA tingkat pemula berjumlah 1 mahasiswa asal Mesir dan 2 mahasiswa asal Uzbekistan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik rekam, simak, dan catat. Analisis data yang digunakan ialah analisis kesalahan (error). Hasil penelitian yang didapat yaitu, kesalahan perubahan bunyi ditemukan data bentuk perubahan asimilasi, data bentuk modifikasi vokal, data bentuk anaptiksis bunyi epentesis, data bentuk anaptiksis bunyi paragog, data bentuk zeroisasi bunyi sinkope, data bentuk zeroisasi bunyi apokope, data bentuk perubahan monoftong, data bentuk lenisi. Ditemukan faktor penyebab terjadinya perubahan bunyi asimilasi, modifikasi vokal, anaptiksis, zeroisasi, monoftong, dan lenisi, sehingga pendidik dapat memberikan latihan secara khusus kepada mahasiswa asal Mesir dan Uzbekistan dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara. Dampak dari perubahan bunyi tersebut mengakibatkan perbedaan arti dan pengucapan yang tidak tepat