Analysis and control of resonances in HVDC connected DFIG-based offshore wind farm

Wechselwirkungen zwischen den weit verbreiteten wechselrichtergekoppelten Netzkomponenten und den passiven Netzkomponenten können einen breiten Frequenzbereich von Resonanzen aufweisen, wodurch massive harmonische Verzerrungen hervorgerufen und sogar die Systemstabilität gefährdet werden. Ihre Folgen könnten die Trennung erneuerbarer und konventioneller Stromerzeuger vom Netz oder die physische Beschädigung empfindlicher Netzanlagen sein. Motiviert durch die Resonanzereignisse der letzten Jahre in windintegrierten Stromversorgungssystemen, untersucht diese Dissertation die resonanzinduzierten harmonischen Verzerrungs- und Stabilitätsprobleme in einem Offshore-Windpark (OWF) mit doppelt gespeisten Asynchrongeneratoren (DFIG) und Netzanschluss mittels Hochspannungsgleichstromübertragung (HGÜ). Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, die Resonanzen genau zu charakterisieren, ihre Risiken zu bewerten und Lösungen für die Gestaltung der Minderungsstrategie bereitzustellen. Um die dynamischen Eigenschaften eines DFIG-basierten Windparks genau zu erfassen, wird eine umfassende Impedanzmodellierung unter Berücksichtigung des detaillierten PIRegelkreises und der Gleichstromdynamik der Windkraftanlage sowie der Kabelverbindungen des Mittelspannungskollektorsystems (MV) durchgeführt. Durch schrittweise Simulationsüberprüfungen hat sich die aggregierte Modellierung des MVKollektorsystems für die Breitbandresonanzanalyse als geeignet erwiesen. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden sowohl die Bode-Plot-Methode als auch der Ansatz der Resonanzmodusanalyse (RMA) angewendet, um die Resonanzprobleme unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Betriebsbedingungen des Windparks und Änderungen der Netz-Topologie anzugehen. Ihre Auswirkungen auf die Resonanzfrequenz, die harmonische Verzerrungen und die Dämpfungen zu Resonanzen werden untersucht. Die Orte, an denen Resonanzen am einfachsten angeregt werden können, werden durch die Busbeteiligungsfaktoranalyse identifiziert. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss der Frequenzkopplungseffekte von Steuerungs- und Schaltvorgängen für asymmetrische Wandler auf subsynchrone Resonanz- (SSR), Mittel- und Hochfrequenzresonanzen unter Verwendung der aggregierten Modelle analysiert, die aus einem praktischen HGÜverbundenen DFIG-basierten OWF abgeleitet wurden. Für den Frequenzbereich von mehreren Hz bis zu einigen kHz werden große harmonische Verzerrungs- und Stabilitätsprobleme gezeigt. Um den negativen Einfluss von Resonanzen auf die Stromqualität und die Systemstabilität zu verhindern, wurde eine Reihe aktiver Dämpfungsmöglichkeiten untersucht und in das untersuchte windintegrierte Stromnetz implementiert, und es wird eine koordinierte Dämpfungsstrategie vorgeschlagen, mit der Breitbandresonanzen effektiv gedämpft werden können. Schließlich validieren Simulationen in MATLAB / Simulink die Ergebnisse der Impedanzmodellierung, der Resonanzanalyse sowie die Wirksamkeit der Breitbandresonanzdämpfungsstrategie.Interactions among the widely utilised converter-interfaced grid components and passive grid components can introduce wide-frequency range of resonances, thus induce massive harmonic distortions and even endanger system stability. Their consequences might be the tripping of renewable and conventional generation units or the physical damage of sensitive grid assets. Motivated by recent years’ resonance incidents in wind-integrated power systems, this study investigates the resonance-induced harmonic distortion and stability issues in doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based offshore wind farm (OWF) with high-voltage direct current (HVDC) grid connection. The objective of this study is to accurately characterize the resonances, evaluate their risks and provide solutions for the design of mitigation strategy. To accurately capture the dynamic characteristics of DFIG-based wind farm, a comprehensive impedance modelling considering the detailed PI control loop and DC dynamics of wind turbine as well as the cable connections of the medium-voltage (MV) collector system is conducted. Through stepwise simulation verifications, aggregated modelling of MV collector system is proved to be suitable for wideband resonance analysis. On this basis, both Bode-plot method and resonance mode analysis (RMA) approach have been adopted to address the resonance issues taking into account various wind farm operating conditions and grid topology changes. Their impacts on resonance frequency, harmonic amplification level and damping level are investigated. The locations where resonances can be most easily excited are identified through bus participation factor analysis. Moreover, the impact of the frequency-coupling effects from asymmetrial converter control and switching operations on subsynchronous resonance (SSR), middleand high-frequency resonances is analyzed using the aggregated models derived from a practical HVDC connected DFIG-based OWF. Large harmonic distortion and stability issues are demonstrated for the frequency range from several Hz to a few kHz. In order to prevent the negative impact of resonances on power quality and system stability, a series of active damping possibilites have been studied and implemented in the studied wind-integrated power system, and a coordinated damping strategy which can effectively damp wideband resonances is proposed. Finally, simulations in MATLAB/Simulink validate the results of impedance modelling, resonance analysis as well as the effectiveness of the wideband resonance damping strategy

A critical survey of technologies of large offshore wind farm integration : summary, advances, and perspectives

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have received widespread attention for their abundant unexploited wind energy potential and convenient locations conditions. They are rapidly developing towards having large capacity and being located further away from shore. It is thus necessary to explore effective power transmission technologies to connect large OWFs to onshore grids. At present, three types of power transmission technologies have been proposed for large OWF integration. They are: high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, and low-frequency alternating current (LFAC) or fractional frequency alternating current transmission. This work undertakes a comprehensive review of grid connection technologies for large OWF integration. Compared with previous reviews, a more exhaustive summary is provided to elaborate HVAC, LFAC, and five HVDC topologies, consisting of line-commutated converter HVDC, voltage source converter HVDC, hybrid-HVDC, diode rectifier-based HVDC, and all DC transmission systems. The fault ride-through technologies of the grid connection schemes are also presented in detail to provide research references and guidelines for researchers. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation of the seven grid connection technologies for large OWFs is proposed based on eight specific indicators. Finally, eight conclusions and six perspectives are outlined for future research in integrating large OWFs

Operation and control of voltage source converters in transmission networks for AC system stability enhancement

The rapid expansion in power transmission for the integration of large-scale renewables is foreseen in the future. This will be complemented by infrastructure reinforcements in the form of series compensation and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) links. These changes will bring forth new operability challenges to grid operators. The stability issues pertained to such reinforcements: potential threat of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) and frequency regulation will be investigated in this thesis. Utilising the existing and future voltage source converters (VSC) based HVDC links to support the AC system by proving ancillary services will be of significant importance in the coming decades. The research work presented in this thesis is aimed to address these challenges, in particular, the technical barriers associated with AC/DC interaction and to propose measures to avoid any potential instability. The main contributions of this research work comprise of four parts, namely, (1) analysis of interactions in-terms of SSR in AC/DC grids, (2) design of SSR damping (SSRD) controllers, (3) experimental demonstration of SSRD schemes, and (4) assessment and improvement of frequency regulation in a wind-thermal bundled AC/DC grid. An VSC-HVDC connected series-compensated AC system resembling the Great Britain (GB) power system has been used as the test network to evaluate the operability challenges pertained to the reinforcements. A state-space representation has been formulated and an eigenvalue analysis has been performed to assess the impact of VSC-HVDC on the torsional modes of nearby connected thermal generation plants. This is followed by damping torque investigation for SSR screening with the results compared against time-domain simulations for testing the accuracy of the small-signal models for SSR studies. A series of SSRD schemes is presented which have been integrated with the VSC-HVDC to damp SSR in the series-compensated GB power system. In addition, this thesis proposes an adaptive SSRD method based on the real-time estimation of the subsynchronous frequency v Abstract component present in series-compensated transmission lines–key information for the optimal design of HVDC subsynchronous damping controllers. Furthermore, the combined AC/DC GB network has been implemented in a real-time digital simulator and connected to a VSCHVDC scaled-down test-rig to performhardware-in-the-loop tests. The efficacy and operational performance of the AC/DC network while providing SSR damping is tested through a series of experiments. In order to provide frequency support in a wind-thermal bundled AC/DC system a dualdroop controlmethod is presented. The scheme binds the system frequency with the DC voltage of an HVDC network. For completeness, the performance of the proposed method is compared to conventional frequency regulation schemes. Sensitivity studies and eigenvalue analyses are conducted to assess the impact that wind penetration and changes in the dual-droop coefficient have on grid stability. Experimental validation is performed using a real-time hardware-inthe- loop test-rig, with simulation and experimental results showing a good agreement and evidencing the superior performance of the proposed frequency support scheme

Distributed photovoltaic systems: Utility interface issues and their present status. Intermediate/three-phase systems

The interface issues between the intermediate-size Power Conditioning Subsystem (PCS) and the utility are considered. A literature review yielded facts about the status of identified issues

Grid-Forming Converter Control Method to Improve DC-Link Stability in Inverter-Based AC Grids

As renewable energy sources with power-electronic interfaces become functionally and economically viable alternatives to bulk synchronous generators, it becomes vital to understand the behavior of these inverter-interfaced sources in ac grids devoid of any synchronous generation, i.e. inverter-based grids. In these types of grids, the inverters need to operate in parallel in grid-forming mode to regulate and synchronize their output voltage while also delivering the power required by the loads. It is common practice, therefore, to mimic the parallel operation control of the very synchronous generators that these inverter-based sources are meant to replace. This practice, however, is based on impractical assumptions and completely disregards the key differences between synchronous machines and power electronic inverters, as well as the dynamics of the dc source connected to the inverter. This dissertation aims to highlight the shortcomings of conventional controllers and derive an improved grid-forming inverter controller that is effective in parallel ac operation without sacrificing dc-link stability. This dissertation begins with a basis for understanding the control concepts used by grid-forming inverters in ac grids and exploring where existing ideas and methods are lacking in terms of efficient and stable inverter control. The knowledge gained from the literature survey is used to derive the requirements for a grid-forming control method that is appropriate for inverter-based ac grids. This is followed by a review and comparative analysis of the performance of five commonly used control techniques for grid-forming inverters, which reveal that nested loop controllers can have a destabilizing effect under changing grid conditions. This observation is further explored through an impedance-based stability analysis of single-loop and nested-loop controllers in grid-forming inverters, followed by a review of impedance-based analysis methods that can be used to assess the control design for grid-forming inverters. An improved grid-forming inverter controller is proposed with a demonstrated ability to achieve both dc-link and ac output stability with proportional power-sharing. This dissertation ends with a summary of the efforts and contributions as well as ideas for future applications of the proposed controller

Impedance-Based Stability Analysis and Controller Design of Three-Phase Inverter-Based Ac Systems

Three-phase voltage-source power inverters are widely used for energy conversion in three-phase ac systems, such as renewable energy systems and microgrids. These three-phase inverter-based ac systems may suffer from small-signal instability issues due to the dynamic interactions among inverters and passive components in the systems. It is crucial for system integrators to analyze the system stability and design the inverter controller parameters during system planning and maintenance periods to guarantee stable system operation. The impedance-based approach can analyze the stability of source-load systems, by applying the Nyquist stability criterion or the generalized Nyquist stability criterion (GNC) to the impedance ratio of the source and load impedances. This dissertation investigates the impedance-based methods for stability analysis and inverter controller design of three-phase inverter-based multi-bus ac systems. Improved sequence impedance and d-q impedance models of both three-phase voltage-controlled inverters and current-controlled inverters are developed. A simple method for sequence impedance measurement of three-phase inverters is developed by using another inverter as the measurement unit, connected in a paralleled structure with common-dc and common-ac sides. For three-phase radial-line renewable systems with multiple current-controlled inverters, an impedance-based sufficient stability criterion is proposed in the d-q frame, without the need for pole calculation of the return-ratio matrices. An inverter controller parameter design method is developed based on the phase margin information obtained from the stability analysis. For general three-phase multi-bus ac power systems consisting of both voltage-controlled inverters and current-controlled inverters, several impedance-based stability analysis methods and inverter controller parameter design approaches are further proposed, based on the sequence impedances, the d-q impedances and the measured terminal characteristics, to avoid the unstable harmonic resonance, the low-frequency oscillation and the oscillation of the fundamental frequency, respectively. All these proposed stability analysis methods enable the system stability assessment without the need for the internal control information of inverters. Moreover, an impedance-based adaptive control strategy of inverters with online resonance detection and passivity or phase compensation is proposed for stable integration of both voltage-controlled inverters and current-controlled inverters into unknown grid-connected or islanded systems with other existing inverters in operation

Distributed photovoltaic systems: Utility interface issues and their present status

Major technical issues involving the integration of distributed photovoltaics (PV) into electric utility systems are defined and their impacts are described quantitatively. An extensive literature search, interviews, and analysis yielded information about the work in progress and highlighted problem areas in which additional work and research are needed. The findings from the literature search were used to determine whether satisfactory solutions to the problems exist or whether satisfactory approaches to a solution are underway. It was discovered that very few standards, specifications, or guidelines currently exist that will aid industry in integrating PV into the utility system. Specific areas of concern identified are: (1) protection, (2) stability, (3) system unbalance, (4) voltage regulation and reactive power requirements, (5) harmonics, (6) utility operations, (7) safety, (8) metering, and (9) distribution system planning and design

Feature Papers in Eng

This Special Issue is a collection of high-quality reviews and original papers from editorial board members, guest editors, and leading researchers discussing new knowledge or new cutting-edge developments in the field of engineering