Automatic Dti-based Parcellation Of The Corpus Callosum Through The Watershed Transform

Introduction: Parcellation of the corpus callosum (CC) in the midsagittal cross-section of the brain is of utmost importance for the study of diffusion properties within this structure. The complexity of this operation comes from the absence of macroscopic anatomical landmarks to help in dividing the CC into different callosal areas. In this paper we propose a completely automatic method for CC parcellation using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods: A dataset of 15 diffusion MRI volumes from normal subjects was used. For each subject, the midsagital slice was automatically detected based on the Fractional Anisotropy (FA) map. Then, segmentation of the CC in the midsgital slice was performed using the hierarchical watershed transform over a weighted FA-map. Finally, parcellation of the CC was obtained through the application of the watershed transform from chosen markers. Results: Parcellation results obtained were consistent for fourteen of the fifteen subjects tested. Results were similar to the ones obtained from tractography-based methods. Tractography confirmed that the cortical regions associated with each obtained CC region were consistent with the literature. Conclusions: A completely automatic DTI-based parcellation method for the CC was designed and presented. It is not based on tractography, which makes it fast and computationally inexpensive. While most of the existing methods for parcellation of the CC determine an average behavior for the subjects based on population studies, the proposed method reflects the diffusion properties specific for each subject. Parcellation boundaries are found based on the diffusion properties within each individual CC, which makes it more reliable and less affected by differences in size and shape among subjects.302132143Aboitiz, F., Scheibel, A.B., Fisher, R.S., Zaidel, E., Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum (1992) Brain Research, 598 (1-2), pp. 143-153. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90178-CBasser, P.J., Pierpaoli, C., Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI (1996) Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B, 111 (3), pp. 209-219. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmrb.1996.0086Basser, P.J., Mattiello, J., LeBihan, D., MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging (1994) Biophysical Journal, 66 (1), pp. 259-267. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80775-1Beucher, S., Lantuéjoul, C., (1979) Use of watersheds in contour detection, , In: International Workshop on Image Processing: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Image 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Automatic DTI-based parcellation of the corpus callosum through the watershed transform

Parcellation of the corpus callosum (CC) in the midsagittal cross-section of the brain is of utmost importance for the study of diffusion properties within this structure. The complexity of this operation comes from the absence of macroscopic anatomical landmarks to help in dividing the CC into different callosal areas. In this paper we propose a completely automatic method for CC parcellation using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). A dataset of 15 diffusion MRI volumes from normal subjects was used. For each subject, the midsagital slice was automatically detected based on the Fractional Anisotropy (FA) map. Then, segmentation of the CC in the midsgital slice was performed using the hierarchical watershed transform over a weighted FA-map. Finally, parcellation of the CC was obtained through the application of the watershed transform from chosen markers. Parcellation results obtained were consistent for fourteen of the fifteen subjects tested. Results were similar to the ones obtained from tractography-based methods. Tractography confirmed that the cortical regions associated with each obtained CC region were consistent with the literature. A completely automatic DTI-based parcellation method for the CC was designed and presented. It is not based on tractography, which makes it fast and computationally inexpensive. While most of the existing methods for parcellation of the CC determine an average behavior for the subjects based on population studies, the proposed method reflects the diffusion properties specific for each subject. Parcellation boundaries are found based on the diffusion properties within each individual CC, which makes it more reliable and less affected by differences in size and shape among subjects302132143CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPnão temnão temnão te

Data-driven corpus callosum parcellation method through diffusion tensor imaging

The corpus callosum (CC) is a set of neural fibers in the cerebral cortex, responsible for facilitating inter-hemispheric communication. The CC structural characteristics appear as an essential element for studying healthy subjects and patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases. Due to its size, the CC is usually divided into smaller regions, also known as parcellation. Since there are no visible landmarks inside the structure indicating its division, CC parcellation is a challenging task and methods proposed in the literature are geometric or atlas-based. This paper proposed an automatic data-driven CC parcellation method, based on diffusion data extracted from diffusion tensor imaging that uses the Watershed transform. Experiments compared parcellation results of the proposed method with results of three other parcellation methods on a data set containing 150 images. Quantitative comparison using the Dice coefficient showed that the CC parcels given by the proposed method has a mean overlap higher than 0,9 for some parcels and lower than 0,6 for other parcels. Poor overlap results were confirmed by the statistically significant differences obtained for diffusion metrics values in each parcel, when using different parcellation methods. The proposed method was also validated by using the CC tractography and was the only study that proposed a non-geometric approach for the CC parcellation, based only on the diffusion data of each subject analyzed59Advanced signal processing methods in medical imaging2242122432COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPnão tem2013/07559-

Web-based Platform For Collaborative Medical Imaging Research

Medical imaging research depends basically on the availability of large image collections, image processing and analysis algorithms, hardware and a multidisciplinary research team. It has to be reproducible, free of errors, fast, accessible through a large variety of devices spread around research centers and conducted simultaneously by a multidisciplinary team. Therefore, we propose a collaborative research environment, named Adessowiki, where tools and datasets are integrated and readily available in the Internet through a web browser. Moreover, processing history and all intermediate results are stored and displayed in automatic generated web pages for each object in the research project or clinical study. It requires no installation or configuration from the client side and offers centralized tools and specialized hardware resources, since processing takes place in the cloud.941

Interactive Segmentation and Visualization of DTI Data Using a Hierarchical Watershed Representation

Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures diffusion of water molecules and is used to characterize orientation of white matter fibers and connectivity of neurological structures. Segmentation and visualization of DT images is challenging, because of low data quality and complexity of anatomical structures. In this paper, we propose an interactive segmentation approach, based on a hierarchical representation of the input DT image through a tree structure. The tree is obtained by successively merging watershed regions, based on the morphological waterfall approach, hence the name watershed tree. Region merging is done according to a combined similarity and homogeneity criterion. We introduce filters that work on the proposed tree representation, and that enable region-based attribute filtering of DTI data. Linked views between the visualizations of the simplified DT image and the tree enable a user to visually explore both data and tree at interactive rates. The coupling of filtering, semiautomatic segmentation by labeling nodes in the tree, and various interaction mechanisms support the segmentation task. Our method is robust against noise, which we demonstrate on synthetic and real DTI data

Homogeneity based segmentation and enhancement of Diffusion Tensor Images : a white matter processing framework

In diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (DMRI) the Brownian motion of the water molecules, within biological tissue, is measured through a series of images. In diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) this diffusion is represented using tensors. DTI describes, in a non-invasive way, the local anisotropy pattern enabling the reconstruction of the nervous fibers - dubbed tractography. DMRI constitutes a powerful tool to analyse the structure of the white matter within a voxel, but also to investigate the anatomy of the brain and its connectivity. DMRI has been proved useful to characterize brain disorders, to analyse the differences on white matter and consequences in brain function. These procedures usually involve the virtual dissection of white matters tracts of interest. The manual isolation of these bundles requires a great deal of neuroanatomical knowledge and can take up to several hours of work. This thesis focuses on the development of techniques able to automatically perform the identification of white matter structures. To segment such structures in a tensor field, the similarity of diffusion tensors must be assessed for partitioning data into regions, which are homogeneous in terms of tensor characteristics. This concept of tensor homogeneity is explored in order to achieve new methods for segmenting, filtering and enhancing diffusion images. First, this thesis presents a novel approach to semi-automatically define the similarity measures that better suit the data. Following, a multi-resolution watershed framework is presented, where the tensor field’s homogeneity is used to automatically achieve a hierarchical representation of white matter structures in the brain, allowing the simultaneous segmentation of different structures with different sizes. The stochastic process of water diffusion within tissues can be modeled, inferring the homogeneity characteristics of the diffusion field. This thesis presents an accelerated convolution method of diffusion images, where these models enable the contextual processing of diffusion images for noise reduction, regularization and enhancement of structures. These new methods are analysed and compared on the basis of their accuracy, robustness, speed and usability - key points for their application in a clinical setting. The described methods enrich the visualization and exploration of white matter structures, fostering the understanding of the human brain

Watershed-based Segmentation of the Midsagittal Section of the Corpus Callosum in Diffusion MRI

Abstract -The corpus callosum (CC) is one of the most important white matter structures of the brain, interconnecting the two cerebral hemispheres. The CC is related to several diseases including dyslexia, autism, multiple sclerosis and lupus, which make its study even more important. We propose here a new approach for fully automatic segmentation of the midsagittal section of CC in magnetic resonance diffusion tensor images, including the automatic determination of the midsagittal slice of the brain . It uses the watershed transform and is performed on the fractional anisotropy map weighted by the projection of the principal eigenvector in the left-right direction. Experiments with real diffusion MRI data showed that the proposed method is able to quickly segment the CC and to the determinate the midsagittal slice without any user intervention. Since it is simple, fast a nd does not require parameter settings, the proposed method is well suited for clinical applications

Framework para a análise da microestrutura do corpo caloso ao longo de sua extensão

Orientador: Roberto de Alencar LotufoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: O corpo caloso é de grande interesse para a comunidade médica e de pesquisa, e suas características têm sido associadas a muitos distúrbios psicológicos e doenças cerebrais. A análise localizada de suas características é um procedimento usual, particularmente para o diagnóstico de esclerose múltipla e outras doenças inflamatórias. Neste trabalho, propomos um framework para extrair características da microestrutura ao longo da extensão do corpo caloso em uma função de assinatura, permitindo que análises globais e localizadas sejam realizadas no domínio 1--D da assinatura, em vez do domínio 3--D de a imagem original. Nossa solução é uma sucessão de vários métodos especializados, que foram projetados para resolver partes específicas do pipeline de geração de assinatura, incluindo a definição de um plano de simetria local para as fibras internas do corpo caloso, realizar a segmentação do corpo caloso, traçar o eixo médio da estrutura e extrair as características ao longo do eixo médio. Um dataset com imagens de 80 aquisições distintas de indivíduos saudáveis foi usado para avaliar tanto o plano de simetria da fibra quanto as assinaturas geradas. Os resultados mostram que o plano predito pelo nosso método é significativamente distinto dos planos preditos pelos métodos tradicionais de estimativa do plano sagital médio, com uma diferença maior na inclinação em relação ao plano axial, de cerca de 2 graus em média. As assinaturas apresentam um padrão similar na maioria dos casos, mas retêm características individuais. Em uma análise de agrupamento, verificamos que existe um único aglomerado maior que tem seu tamanho reduzido drasticamente apenas quando todas as arestas são removidas, exceto aquelas com pelo menos 90% de similaridade. As assinaturas geradas pelo nosso framework proposto fornecem uma maneira inédita de realizar a análise das características da microestrutura do corpo caloso, que é inerentemente localizada e independente da morfologia da estrutura. Nossa solução abre novas possibilidades no campo para pesquisa e desenvolvimento futuros relacionadosAbstract: The corpus callosum is of great interest for the medical and research community, and its characteristics have been associated with many psychological disorders and brain diseases. Localized analysis of its features is a usual procedure, particularly for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. In this work, we propose a framework for extracting microstructure features along the corpus callosum extent into a signature function, allowing global and localized analyses to be performed in the 1--D domain of the signature, instead of the 3--D domain of the original image. Our solution is a succession of several specialized methods, which were designed to solve specific parts of the signature generation pipeline, including defining a plane of local symmetry for the corpus callosum internal fibers, perform the corpus callosum segmentation, trace the structure median axis, and extract the features along the median axis. A dataset with images from 80 distinct acquisitions from healthy subjects was used to evaluate both, the fiber's symmetry plane, and the generated signatures. Results show that the plane predicted by our method is significantly distinct from the planes predicted by traditional mid--sagittal plane estimation methods, with a larger difference on the inclination relative to the axial plane, of about 2 degrees on average. The signatures present a similar pattern in most cases but retain individual characteristics. In a clustering analysis, we verified that there is one single larger cluster that has its size reduced dramatically only when all edges are removed, except for the ones with at least 90% of similarity. The signatures generated by our proposed framework provide an unprecedented way to perform the analysis of the corpus callosum microstructure features, which is inherently localized, and independent from the structure morphology. Our solution open new possibilities for future related research and development in the fieldDoutoradoEngenharia de ComputaçãoDoutor em Engenharia Elétrica2012/23059-8FAPES

2D Segmentation evaluation method of the corpus callosum in diffusion MRI using corpus callosum signature

Orientador: Leticia RittnerDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: O corpo caloso (CC) é a maior estrutura de substância branca no cérebro, está localizada sob o córtex cerebral e conecta os dois hemisférios cerebrais, servindo de ponte de comunicação entre eles. É, portanto, uma estrutura de grande interesse no âmbito médico e de pesquisa. Sua forma e tamanho estão associadas com algumas características do sujeito e alterações na sua estrutura apresentam correlação com várias doenças e condições médicas. Nas imagens de difusão por ressonância magnética, a segmentação desta estrutura é importante já que a informação contida neste tipo de imagem permite estudar a microestrutura das fibras neuronais e os tecidos usando o modelo de difusão da água. Na literatura existem poucos métodos de segmentação do CC baseados em imagens de difusão por ressonância magnética e não existem estudos sobre avaliação quantitativa de segmentações neste espaço. A avaliação de segmentações em difusão é feita normalmente usando um padrão-ouro obtido manualmente sobre imagens de ressonância ponderadas em T1 e registrado no espaço de difusão. Porém, o registro é computacionalmente custoso e introduz erros no padrão final. Outros padrões podem ser construídos diretamente no espaço de difusão, porém também apresentam desvantagens. A avaliação quantitativa, neste caso, é feita usando uma métrica de sobreposição. Com o propósito de melhorar o esquema de avaliação usual por sobreposição, neste trabalho é proposto um método de avaliação que permite usar diretamente o padrão obtido manualmente em T1 sem ser necessário realizar o registro para o espaço de difusão. Este método está baseado no perfil de curvatura, um descritor que permite comparar segmentações através da forma, sem necessidade de sobreposição ou registro de imagens. O método proposto foi usado para avaliar segmentações em difusão obtidas através de três métodos distintos, em 145 sujeitos. A raiz do erro médio quadrático (RMSE), calculado a partir da comparação entre os perfis de curvatura, mostrou-se uma métrica complementaria ao coeficiente Dice e apresentou capacidade para discriminar segmentações. Para exploração em trabalhos futuros, o perfil de curvatura pode ser usado para identificação automática de segmentações incorretas em grandes bases de dados, estudos populacionais e longitudinais e caracterização de outras formas e estruturasAbstract: Corpus callosum (CC) is the greatest white matter structure in brain. It is located beneath the cortex and connects both of two hemispheres, making possible their communication. Therefore, CC is important in medical and academic scene. CC's shape and size are associated with some subject's characteristics and alterations in its structure have correlation with some diseases and medical conditions. Diffusion MRI makes possible study of the neuronal fibers and tissues micro structure using the water diffusion model. In the literature, there are few CC segmentation methods based-on Diffusion MRI and there are not studies related with segmentation quantitative evaluation in this model. Segmentation evaluation in diffusion is commonly performed using registered gold-standard or any standard draw directly in this modality. However, both of the two standards have problems because of the registering process itself, that introduce error in the final standard, or the drawing process on the diffusion images. Quantitative evaluation is done using overlap metric. In this work, an evaluation method is proposed making possible direct use of gold-standard without any register process. This methodology is based on CC signature, a descriptor for comparing segmentations using shape, without overlap requirement with standard. The segmentation evaluation method proposed was used in diffusion for quantitative assessment of 145 subjects using the gold-standard through CC signature. The RMSE metric, based on CC signature, showed to be complementary with Dice coefficient and capability for differentiating segmentations. For future work, the CC signature, used as characterization tool of the CC shape, would make possible automatic identification of incorrect segmentations in large databases, longitudinal studies, classification of populations and characterization of other structuresMestradoEngenharia de ComputaçãoMestre em Engenharia Elétrica190557/2014-1CNP

Automated 3D Axonal Morphometry of White Matter

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