A STUDY ON INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT MODELS IN VIETNAM

Freight transportation is a potential component of the logistics system, which absorbs between one - third and two - thirds of the total logistics costs. In the transport field, transportation companies try to search the best operating ways or alternatives which could help them compete with others, so there are competitions among different transport modes (road, rail, air, and water modes). Instead of finding the better alternative for such competition, this paper has considered to build the freight transport networks based on the coordination among modes, which makes the transport systems operate more effectively. This concept is called intermodal freight transport or intermodalism model. Depending on different conditions, the best suitable intermodalism models will be proposed. Author will study, construct, analyze, evaluate, and apply the intermodal freight transport models that suit for the special conditions in Vietnam. Besides, constructing the optimum transportation networks, which are used for collecting or distributing freight to/from depot centers from/to customer zones, is a challenge of logicians. In this paper, author will present one of the general ways to do it. Transportation model is built, in which objective and constraint functions are formulated. An experience method to solve this problem is proposed, where it follows three phases. The first one is that a possible set of tours is generated. An optimum alternative, then, is determined in phase 2 by using optimization program, Lingo software. Finally, suitable fleets are assigned to response it. To illustrate the method, an example transportation problem is presented.화물운송은 물류시스템에서 총 물류비용의 1/3 에서 2/3 을 줄일 수 있는 중요한 요소이다. 운송회사들은 최선의 경로나 다른 경쟁력 있는 운송수단(도로, 철도, 항공 및 선박)을 통해 비용을 줄일 수 있는 대안을 찾기 위해 노력한다. 본 논문에서는 운송 시스템을 더 효과적으로 만들기 위해 운송수단 사이의 관계를 기반으로 한 화물운송 네트워크를 구성하고자 한다. 여러 상황을 고려한 최선의 복합운송 모델을 제시할 것이다. 베트남 상황에 알맞은 복합운송모델을 구성, 분석, 평가할 것이다. 화물을 유통 거점으로부터 소비자에게 또는 소비자로부터 유통거점으로 모집 또는 분배를 위한 최적의 운송 네트워크를 구성한다. 운송모델의 구성에는 객관적이고 제약적인 기능이 나타난다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 method 는 다음 3 가지를 따른다. 첫째, 가능한 모든 루트를 나열한다. 둘째로 최적의 대안은 최적화 프로그램인 'Lingo software'를 이용하여 결정한다. 마지막으로 알맞은 루트는 응답을 통해 선정한다. 수송수단의 문제점을 보여줌으로서 method 를 설명하고자 한다.Chapter 1: Introduction = 1 1.1 Introduction = 1 1.2 Objectives = 2 1.3 Scale and scope = 2 1.4 Structure of thesis = 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review = 4 2.1 Transportation options = 4 2.2 Intermodalism = 4 2.2.1 Definitions of intermodalism = 4 2.2.2 Characteristics of intermodalism = 6 2.2.3 Factors impact on transport mode selection = 6 2.3 Spread of intermodalism = 7 2.3.1 Europe = 8 2.3.2 North America = 8 2.3.3 Canada = 8 2.3.4 The Baltic States = 8 2.3.5 Asia = 8 2.3.6 Australia = 8 2.4 Methods to select the best combination of transportation modes = 9 2.4.1 Usage of the Shortest Path Problem = 9 2.4.2 Usage of AHP for model ranking = 10 Chapter 3: A brief introduction about Vietnam = 16 3.1 Geography = 16 3.2 Economy = 16 3.3 Transportation infrastructure and superstructure = 18 3.3.1 Roads = 18 3.3.2 Rail = 19 3.3.3 Waterways = 19 3.3.4 Airways = 20 3.4 Freight transportation = 20 3.4.1 Freight transport volume vs. freight traffic volume = 20 3.4.2 Domestics freight transport costs = 22 Chapter 4: Methodology = 24 4.1 Description of methodology = 24 4.2 An analysis of intermodal applicability in Vietnam = 25 4.3 Model selection and evaluation methodology = 26 4.3.1 Selection factors = 26 4.3.2 Market segmentation = 27 4.3.3 Evaluation method = 29 Chapter 5: Model Proposition, Selection, and Evaluation = 31 5.1 Model proposition = 31 5.1.1 Road-Rail-Road transport system = 31 5.1.2 Road-Coast-Road transport system = 33 5.1.3 Road-Air-Road transport system = 34 5.1.4 Inland waterway-Coast-Inland waterway transport system = 35 5.2 Evaluating intermodal freight transport network design = 36 5.2.1 North-Middle market segment = 37 5.2.2 Middle-South market segment = 39 5.2.3 North-South market segment = 41 5.3 Model ranking based on AHP method = 43 5.3.1 AHP model construction = 44 5.3.2 Results = 47 5.4 Chapter discussions and conclusions = 47 Chapter 6: Transportation Network Problems: An experience way to construct and solve = 49 6.1 Transportation problem description = 49 6.2 An experience-solving method = 50 6.3 A numerical example = 54 6.4 Chapter conclusions = 56 Chapter 7: Conclusions and recommendations = 57 7.1 Conclusions = 57 7.2 Recommendations = 57 7.2.1 Factors that make intermodalism successful in Vietnam = 57 7.2.2 Recommendations for further studies = 59 References = 60 Appendix = 6

Criticality of infrastructure networks under consideration of resilience-based maintenance strategies using the example of inland waterways

Transportation infrastructures as backbone of modern, globalized, and networked societies ensure flows of people and goods and thus sustain social and economic prosperity. Concurrently, more and more infrastructure construction assets are facing the problem of systematic obsolescence due to deficient structural conditions, maintenance backlogs, and a lack of or misallocation of resources for the construction and maintenance of infrastructure buildings. This problem construct necessitates a resilience-based maintenance strategy for the asset portfolio. In particular, inland navigation as a mode of transport features large transport volumes and few redundancies. Combined with its increasing importance due to its comparatively high environmental friendliness, a predestined, yet in the literature underrepresented research subject results. This dissertation aims to investigate essential factors of infrastructure management and thereby identify the potential for improvement in the complex construct of maintenance management and related areas. The emphasis is on enhancing the resilience of inland waterways as a complex System-of-Systems with all its interdependencies. Thus, a holistic risk and resilience assessment is essential and is underlined with the aspects infrastructure availability and business decisions (Study A, B, C and D) and stakeholder communication and risk analysis (Study E, F, G) which are addressed by seven studies published as companion articles. Study A deals with assessing the reliability of transport infrastructure networks as part of supply chains, highlighting the importance of available and thus maintained infrastructure assets for functioning supply chains. Study B aims to identify critical warning times before closures of transport infrastructure networks and therefore suggests a mixed-methods approach, making it possible to derive and evaluate critical thresholds. Study C examines the corresponding company decisions, i.e., decisions as reaction towards neglected maintenance of public transport infrastructure, which comprises risk coping strategies, examined by empirical investigations. Study D extends this problem observation by showing that companies could see incentives for outsourcing if they face a lack of access to available transport infrastructure. Hence, the study analyzes facility relocation problems in dependence on infrastructure availability. Study E heads toward stakeholder communication and risk analysis and examines the processes across stakeholders, using an approach of collaborative serious gaming, which simultaneously enhances situation awareness and communication among stakeholders. Study F provides the implementation of a systemic approach and its visualization as a GIS-based risk dashboard, shedding light on interdependencies among critical infrastructures and cascading effects. Study G closes with an examination of the evaluation of the potential of infrastructure funds. For this purpose, the study conducts an online survey to determine investors’ willingness to pay for various fund mechanisms, integrating the option of private coverage. Despite the geographic focus of the case studies on Germany, valuable insights can be gained for infrastructure management that can also apply to other countries. In addition to the case study findings, general recommendations for infrastructure owners are derived. As a result, it can be stated that it is essential that maintenance strategies have to be more resilience-based than traditional strategies, which are mainly based on fixed time intervals for maintenance. Moreover, the application of both serious gaming and GIS visualization can help to enhance situation awareness and thus the resilience of infrastructure systems. An essential finding for which this dissertation provides methodological approaches is that considering the local area’s attractiveness for business locations should receive more attention regarding investment decisions. Thereby a focus should be set on the realistic threat of relocations as response to deteriorating infrastructure conditions. Eventually, public debates should strengthen the knowledge about infrastructure and its funding, while deficits in alongside mechanisms in infrastructure funding must be encountered. Consequently, this dissertation provides insights into the potential of infrastructure management. Mainly, it offers the potential to improve the resilience of the waterway transportation system and address stakeholders accordingly

Defending the Pittsburgh Waterways Against Catastrophic Disruption

This thesis develops an Operatorâ s Model that mimics the real-world behavior of coal transport in the Port of Pittsburgh and allows for systematic investigation of â what ifâ disruption scenarios. We model the multi-modal flow of coal using a network of nodes and arcs representing river transport, with support from a surrounding system of rail lines and roads. Each mode of shipment has finite capacities with varying costs. Our model routes flows in order to satisfy contracted supplies and demands at minimum transportation cost. We use 2009 coal shipment data provided by the United States Army Corps of Engineers to drive delivery patterns. We focus our attention on the Monongahela River, which carries a significant amount of coal through our system. We employ Defender-Attacker-Defender techniques to assess critical infrastructure in the context of an intelligent adversary, such as a terrorist, who seeks to damage the system so as to maximally increase its operating cost. This allows us to assess the relative importance of critical system components in order to help the United Stated Coast Guard identify where to focus their attention.http://archive.org/details/defendingpittsbu109457296Captain, United States Marine Corp

Modelling the Eddy Pattern in the harbour of Zeebrugge

Hydrodynamic

Transportation research needs related to civil engineering

Foreword by William H. Wisely and Donald C. Taylor and preface by Charles W. Thomas.CER69-70CWT41.June, 1970.Includes bibliographical references.One of a series of reports prepared as a joint effort of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Civil Engineering Department of Colorado State University and a number of agencies and organizations providing partial funding

BAYESIAN KERNEL METHODS FOR THE RISK ANALYSIS AND RESILIENCE MODELING OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS

The protection of critical infrastructures has recently garnered attention with an emphasis on analyzing the risk and improving the resilience of such systems. With the abundance of data, risk managers should be able to better inform preparedness and recovery decision making under uncertainty. It is important, however, to develop and utilize the necessary methodologies that bridge between data and decisions. The goal of this dissertation is to (i) predict the likelihood of risk, (ii) assess the consequences of a disruption, and (iii) inform preparedness and recovery decision making. This research presents a data-driven analysis of the risk and resilience of critical infrastructure systems. First, a new Bayesian kernel model is developed to predict the frequency of failures and a Beta Bayesian kernel model is deployed to model resilience-based importance measures. Bayesian kernel models were developed for Gaussian distributions and later extended to other continuous probability distributions. This research develops a Poisson Bayesian kernel model to accommodate count data. Second, interdependency models are integrated with decision analysis and resilience quantification techniques to assess the multi-industry economic impact of critical infrastructure resilience and inform preparedness and recovery decision making under uncertainty. Examples of critical infrastructure systems are inland waterways, which are critical elements in the nation’s civil infrastructure and the world’s supply chain. They allow for a cost-effective flow of approximately $150 billion worth of commodities annually across industries and geographic locations, which is why they are called “inland marine highways.” Aging components (i.e., locks and dams) combined with adverse weather conditions, affect the reliability and resilience of inland waterways. Frequent disruptions and lengthy recovery times threaten regional commodity flows, and more broadly, multiple industries that rely on those commodities. While policymakers understand the increasing need for inland waterway rehabilitation and preparedness investment, resources are limited and select projects are funded each year to improve only certain components of the network. As a result, a number of research questions arise. What is the impact of infrastructure systems disruptions, and how to predict them? What metrics should be used to identify critical components and determine the system’s resilience? What are the best risk management strategies in terms of preparedness investment and recovery prioritization? A Poisson Bayesian kernel model is developed and deployed to predict the frequency of locks and dams closures. Economic dynamic interdependency models along with stochastic inoperability multiobjective decision trees and resilience metrics are used to assess the broader impact of a disruption resulting in the closure of a port or a link of the river and impacting multiple interdependent industries. Stochastic resilience-based measures are analyzed to determine the critical waterway components, more specifically locks and dams, that contribute to the overall waterway system resilience. A data-driven case study illustrates these methods to describe commodity flows along the various components of the U.S. Mississippi River Navigation System and employs them to motivate preparedness and recovery strategies

Values of inland fisheries in the Mekong river basin

Asia has the most productive inland fisheries in the world. The fishery sector contributes significantly to the national economies of the region. Inland fisheries also improve food security by providing a source of protein and a livelihood for millions of people in this part of the world, especially the rural poor. The purpose of this report is to provide information on the biological, economic, social and cultural values of river fisheries in the Lower Mekong Basin, and to identify the main impacts of environmental changes on these values. A review of fisheries-related literature, including project reports and gray literature, was undertaken. More than 800 documents were reviewed, and original information was extracted from 270 of them. The analysis identified a large number of localized studies leading to generic conclusions. The report addresses the basin wide issues and studies. It is then organized by nation, namely, the Chinese province of Yunnan, then Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. It first gives an overview of each country’s economic, fisheries and social situation, then details the values documented for river fisheries in each country