Exploring available landslide inventories for susceptibility analysis in Gipuzkoa province (Spain)

Similar to many mountainous regions of the world, landslides are a recurrent geological hazard in the Gipuzkoa province (northern Spain) that commonly cause damage to communication infrastructure, such as roads and railways. This geomorphological process also threatens buildings and human beings, albeit to a lesser degree. Over time, different institutions and academic research groups have individually collected crucial information on historic and ancient landslides in this region, resulting in various landslide inventories. However, these inventories have not been collectively assessed, and their suitability for landslide susceptibility modelling projects has often been assumed without comprehensive evaluation. In this study, we propose a simplified method to explore, describe, and compare the various landslide inventories in a specific study area to assess their suitability for landslide susceptibility modelling. Additionally, we present the results of an illustrative experiment that demonstrates the direct effect of using different inventories in landslide susceptibility modelling through a data-driven approach. We found that out of the five digitally available inventories in the study area, only three provide sufficient guarantees to be used as input data for susceptibility modelling. Furthermore, we observed that each individual inventory exhibited inherent biases, which directly influenced the resulting susceptibility map. We believe that our proposed methods can be easily replicated in other study areas where multiple landslide inventory sources exist, and that our work will induce other researchers to conduct preliminary assessments of their inventories as a critical step prior to any landslide susceptibility modelling project.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Txomin Bornaetxea is financially supported by the postdoctoral fellowship program of the Basque Govern- ment (Grant Numbers POS_2020_2_0010) and hosted by the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU, Group IT1678) in the framework of a scientific collaboration with the Geological Survey of Canada as well as his association with the Geomorphology Group of the Research Institute for the Geo-Hydrological Pro- tection in Perugia, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRPI)

Geomorphological Changes by the Action of Coastal Processes and Anthropogenic Activties along the Coastal Zone between Ras Al-Jalaiah And Ras Az-Zour, Southern Kuwait

The coastline is one of the most important linear features on the earth s surface which displays a dynamic nature The natural processes that interact with the coastal environment of Kuwait are tides currents and waves The main shoreline of the coast of Kuwait is about 325 km long In the north the coast is characterized by wide intertidal mudflats bounded by a large-scale coastal sabkha partly covered with sand drifts The southern shore is characterized by relatively steep sand beaches with narrow to moderately wide rocky intertidal platforms which are partly covered by sand and algal mats The area of interest is the coastal area between Ras al-Julaiha and Ras Az-Zour in the southern area of Kuwait Sandy berm and wave-cut cliff bound this southern intertidal environment The study area is a superficial open vulnerable bay of a maximum depth of 28 m extending along the southern shore of Kuwait Ras Al-Jalaiah promontory bounds the area northwards and Ras Az-Zour promontory bounds it southward with a distance measured vertically of 18 085 k

Delineation of Landslide, Flash Flood, and Debris Flow Hazards in Utah

During 1982, 1983, and 1984, abnormally wet conditions in Utah triggered flash floods, landslides, and debris flows. Pore pressures built in hillside soils below melting snows and during prolonged periods of rainfall until the mass suddenly gave way, sometimes as a landslide and other times as a non-Newtonian debris flow that moved rapidly long distances down mountain slopes until finally stiffened by moisture loss or velocity loss because of flatter gradients. Also, runoff from heavy rainfall bursts picked up weathered and other loose material that accumulated on land surfaces over long dry periods . The sediment laden waters flowed out of mountain canyons onto lowlands where they deposited their loads, filled channels and c logged culverts, and then spread over the land surface to infiltrate, except as intercepted and diverted by streets, storm sewers, and irrigation canals. These were in turn often over topped to cause flooding in areas with no natural hazard. Snow melt runoff continued over extended periods, keeping stream flows too high to be contained within the clogged streams, and causing water to flow down streets for weeks disrupting traffic and inundating low-lying property. In closed basins, the waters eventually drain into a terminal lake where rising waters gradually inundated large areas. This complex of interrelated phenomena created a hazard situation that is greatest at the toe of the mountain slopes and concentrates where mountain canyons drain onto alluvial fans and the water spreads in a pattern that varies substantially from storm to storm. These hillside areas are prime res identical site s and command a high pr ice in the market. Development that should not be located in high hazard areas is reasonable a little further down slope where the risk is less. Quantitative methods are needed for mapping flood, debris, and landslide risks in these basin margin areas so that objective decisions can be made on where to locate and how to landscape and design buildings. Monitoring programs and warning systems are needed to track emerging hazards, emergency plans, and get people to respond. During two spring months of 1983, Utah sustained direct damages from landslides and debris floods in excess of 250 million dollars. Public official.s and residents were prepared for water flooding. However, neither the scientific community nor the agencies responsible for dealing with emergency situations were prepared for the widespread 1andslides and devastating debris flows. At least 92 significant landslides along a 30-mile length of the Wasatch Front Mountains sent torrents of water and debris down on the residential areas below. Along the Wasatch Plateau, more than 1000 landslides occurred. Additional massive landslides in Spanish Fork Canyon, Utah County, created Thistle Lake, and in 12-Hile Canyon, Sanpete County, dammed a river and sent a 30-foot high flash flood surge down the canyon. These devastating floods, landslides and debris flows were so extensive that 22 of Utah\u27s 28 counties were declared national disaster areas

Earth resources: A continuing bibliography with indexes (issue 61)

This bibliography lists 606 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between January 1 and March 31, 1989. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing and geophysical instrumentation in spacecraft and aircraft to survey and inventory natural resources and urban areas. Subject matter is grouped according to agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, oceanography and marine resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, and instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis

Earthquake hazard and risk analysis for natural and induced seismicity: towards objective assessments in the face of uncertainty.

The fundamental objective of earthquake engineering is to protect lives and livelihoods through the reduction of seismic risk. Directly or indirectly, this generally requires quantification of the risk, for which quantification of the seismic hazard is required as a basic input. Over the last several decades, the practice of seismic hazard analysis has evolved enormously, firstly with the introduction of a rational framework for handling the apparent randomness in earthquake processes, which also enabled risk assessments to consider both the severity and likelihood of earthquake effects. The next major evolutionary step was the identification of epistemic uncertainties related to incomplete knowledge, and the formulation of frameworks for both their quantification and their incorporation into hazard assessments. Despite these advances in the practice of seismic hazard analysis, it is not uncommon for the acceptance of seismic hazard estimates to be hindered by invalid comparisons, resistance to new information that challenges prevailing views, and attachment to previous estimates of the hazard. The challenge of achieving impartial acceptance of seismic hazard and risk estimates becomes even more acute in the case of earthquakes attributed to human activities. A more rational evaluation of seismic hazard and risk due to induced earthquakes may be facilitated by adopting, with appropriate adaptations, the advances in risk quantification and risk mitigation developed for natural seismicity. While such practices may provide an impartial starting point for decision making regarding risk mitigation measures, the most promising avenue to achieve broad societal acceptance of the risks associated with induced earthquakes is through effective regulation, which needs to be transparent, independent, and informed by risk considerations based on both sound seismological science and reliable earthquake engineering

Chesapeake Bay Bibliography - Volume II Virginia Waters

The Chesapeake Bay Bibliography was initiated by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science in response to growing resource management problems of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. With these problems carne the realization that planning and management of such a great natural resource is an overwhelming task requiring the best available information. This bibliography, therefore, was undertaken to document existing sources of information, to help identify research and data gathering needs, and to develop a comprehensive research and information services programs for individuals interested in research on, and management of the natural resources of the Chesapeake Bay region. This, the second volume of the multi-volume bibliography, is devoted largely to materials focused on the lower half of the Bay, though articles of bay-wide interest are included. Books, periodicals, government, institutional, and academic reports, theses, and dissertations have been consulted to compile the citations contained in the bibliography See also: Volume I (1971) which summarized information sources dealing with the James River Link Volumes III Maryland (1975) focused the respective segments of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.Link Volume IV Virginia Waters (1976) includes and updates the water resource-oriented citations contained in Volumes I and II, and it also identifies information sources dealing with the land resources of Virginia\u27s nine coastal planning regions.Link Volume V Virginia and Maryland Waters (1981) covers the entire Bay and its tributaries, from the fall line of the Susquehanna River, south through Maryland and Virginia to the Hampton Roads area and extends three miles into the territorial offshore waters of Virginia. The Virginia segment of the Eastern Shore on the Delmarva Peninsula is also included.Lin