Physico-chemical properties and energy potential of wood wastes from sawmills in Benin metropolis, Nigeria

The physico-chemical properties and energy potential of wood wastes were evaluated in this study. Wood wastes from five tropical species: Ekki (Lophira alata); Ohia (Celtis sp); Danta (Nesogordonia papaverifera); Omah (Cordia millenii) and Black Afara (Terminalia ivorensis) collected from sawmills across Benin Metropolis, the capital of Edo State, in South Western Nigeria were used as feedstock. Calorific values, moisture contents as well as proximate and ultimate analyses were performed to assess the energy characteristics of the collected wood wastes in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials: ASTM E872-82 and ASTM D4442-07. Results from the laboratory experiments and energy calculations revealed that the wood wastes used in this study contain relatively low moisture and ash contents, high proportions of volatile matter and carbon, high calorific values, low levels of sulphur and nitrogen as well as a sufficiently high value of thermal energy potential. The results are indications that the wood wastes are suitable as feedstock for renewable energy generation with little or no threat to the environment.Keywords: Benin Metropolis; Bio-energy; Calorific value; Energy potential; Physico-chemical properties; Wood waste

Burner of wood wastes

Проаналізовано перспективи використання відходів деревини в Україні з вологістю 9,5…50%, вказано на перспективність переобладнання газових котлів за рахунок встановлення пальників на відходах деревини, проаналізована конструкція пальника потужністю 3000 кВт, що працює на відходах дере-вини. З використанням математичної моделі теплогідродинамічних процесів в пальнику, що побудована з врахуванням Нормативного метода теплового розрахунку котлоагрегатів, балансових рівнянь газоге-нерації та особливостей конструкції пальника, проведені числові дослідження режимів його роботи. Проаналізований вплив характеристик палива і утвореного синтез-газ та, режимів роботи пальника на його теплотехнічні показники – розрахункову температуру факелу, поверхні футеровки та вторинного повітря. Виявлені раціональні режими роботи пальника при спалюванні відходів деревиниThe prospects of utilization of wood wastes with humidity 9,5...50% in Ukraine are analysed, it is indicated on perspective of re-equipment of gas boilers by installation of burners on wastes of wood, the construction of burner by power 3000 kWt is analysed, which works on wastes of wood. With the use of mathematical model heathydrodynamic processes in a burner, which is built taking into account the Normative method of thermal calculation of boilers, balance equalizations of gasogeneration and features of construction of burner, numerical researches of his modes of operations are conducted. Influence of fuel descriptions, appearing synthesis-gas and modes of operations of burner on its heating engineering indexes – calculation temperature of torch, surfaces of lining-up and second air – is analysed. The rational modes of operations of burner at incineration of wood wastes are exposed.Проанализированы перспективы использования отходов древесины в Украине с влажностью 9,5…50%, указано на перспективность переоборудования газовых котлов за счет установления горелок на отходах древесины, проанализирована конструкция горелки мощностью 3000 кВт, которая работает на отходах древесины. С использованием математической модели теплогидродинамических процессов в горелке, которая построена с учетом Нормативного метода теплового расчета котлоагрегатов, балансовых уравнений газогенерации и особенностей конструкции горелки, проведены числовые исследования режимов его работы. Проанализировано влияние характеристик топлива, образованного синтез-газа и режимов работы горелки на её теплотехнические показатели – расчетную температуру факела, поверхности футеровки и вторичного воздуха. Выявлены рациональные режимы работы горелки при сжигании отходов древесин

Production and characterization of activated carbon from wood wastes

Cedarwood (Cedrela Angustifolia) and teak (Tectona Grandis) woods are typically used for furniture manufacture because they have high durability, are light and easy to work. During these manufacturing process, large amount of these wastes is generated causing disposal environmental problems. In this paper, the residual wastes (sawdust) of Cedar (C) and Teak (T) are transformed into an activated material. The chemical composition of both biomass (C and T) was determinate by TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis). Activated materials were characterized in surface area following the BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) method, morphology using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and to know their functional groups a FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis was done. Their adsorption capacity was evaluated by removal of Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) from aqueous solutions. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Isolation of Cellulolytic Microfungi Involved in Wood-Waste Decomposition: Prospects for Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Wastes

Wood-wastes from dump-sites at Okobaba Saw-mills on the western part of the Lagos lagoon were examined for cellulolytic microorganisms. Cellulolytic microfungi were isolated from the wastes using minimal salt agar medium containing 0.2% (w/v) crystalline cellulose, sugarcane pulp, corn cob or saw-dust as sole carbon/energy source. The colonies of cellulolytic microfungi which appeared on the plates increased in size and number as the incubation period (days) increased. Among the fungal isolates were two pathogenic Aspergilli (A flavus and A fumigatus), three different black Aspergilli (herein designated as A.niger I, A.niger II and A.niger III), Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium species and Penicillium species. Cell-free filtrates of 7 – day cultures of A.flavus, A.niger I, A.niger II, B. cinerea and P.species grown on the minimal salt broth supplemented with crystalline cellulose as sole carbon/energy source showed very significant CM–cellulase activity. P. species gave a very high value that was over 4 times the value for the closest organism, A.niger II. There is a good propect for cellulase production using the virgin strain of P. species isolated from the wood-wastes

Aktivitas Antijamur Asap Cair Dari Sebuk Gergaji Kayu Akasia (Acacia Mangium Willd) Dan Kayu Laban (Vitex Pubescens Vahl)

Antifungal Activity of Liquid Smoke from Acacia mangium Willd and Vitex pubescens Vahl Wood Wastes. Aspergillus flavus is the most important fungi species because of its toxygenic characteristic on agricultural product. This research was conducted to test of wood vinegar as antifungal activity. The research was conducted in several steps i.e. pyrolisis of liquid smoke, analysis of liquid smoke content, and efficacy test of liquid smoke as antifungal. Liquid smoke was made from burning wood meal from wood wastes. Wood wastes consist of Acacia mangium Willd (akasia) and Vitex pubescens Vahl (laban). Agar media used was PDA (potatoes dextrose agar) and concentration of liquid smoke was 0, 1, 2, and 3% (v/v). The results indicated that the liquid smoke has inhibited the fungi growth. The liquid smoke with concentration of 2% had index anti fungal 80.19-100%. The growth rate of A. flavus was decrease as well as increasing the concentration of liquid smoke. The contents of organic fraction of liquid smoke, such as acid and phenol might be responsible for the difference in antifungal activities among these liquid smokes

Assessment of wood waste generation and utilization in Makurdi metropolis: Implication for sustainable management of forest resources

This study assessed forest waste generation and utilization in Makurdi metropolis. The increasing quantities of wood wastes from timber sheds, furniture industries and chainsaw millers possess a threat to the sustainable management of forest resources and environmental sustainability. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, percentages and tables, were used  to analyze the result. A five-point Likert scale was used to determine the level of utilization ofwood wastes. The findings of the study revealed three major sources of wood waste which were: timber sheds (37.8%), furniture factories (33%) and chainsaw millers (29.2%) while the types of wood wastes include: sawdust (14.9%), wood chippings (12.8%), wood shavings (21.1%), offcuts (20.2%) and trims (21%). Generated wood wastes were utilized as: animal beddings (39.4%) mulching (28%), generation of household energy (22.7%) briquettes production (6.0%) and engineered wood production (3.9%). The result on the level of utilization of wood waste indicated that it was low with Weighted Mean Score (WMS) of 1.9042. Lack of awareness (55.9%) was the most limiting factor of wood waste utilization followed by lack of technical know-how (18.6%), lack of start-up capital (25%) while the least limiting factor was inadequate raw material (0.5%). This study therefore concludes that the level of utilization of wood waste in Makurdi metropolis was very low. It is therefore, recommended that policy measures or incentives should be provided to wood merchants to encourage investments into utilization of wood wastes in Makurdi metropolis. Keywords: Wood waste, Wood generation, Wood utilization, Sustainable managemen

Dyes removal from water using low cost absorbents

In this study, the removal capacity of low cost adsorbents during the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) at different concentrations (50 and 100mg•L-1) was evaluated. These adsorbents were produced from wood wastes (cedar and teak) by chemical activation (ZnCl2). Both studied materials, Activated Cedar (AC) and activated teak (AT) showed a good fit of their experimental data to the pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities for AC were 2000.0 and 444.4mg•g-1 for MB and CR, respectively, while for AT, maximum adsorption capacities of 1052.6 and 86.4mg•g-1 were found for MB and CR, respectively. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Ethanol Production from Gmelina arborea Wood Wastes by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using Submerged Fermentation

Lignocellulose wastes are the most abundant residues on the surface of the earth. This project studies the possibility of ethanol production from a forestry waste. Wood wastes from Gmelina arborea were treated with dillute sulfuric acid to break down the lignin component. Fermentation for ethanol production was done using baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 204508/S288c) for 120 hours using submerged fermentation, and the pH, reducing sugar, specific gravity and lignin content were determined using standard techniques. Ethanol concentration and yield were measured via vinometer and ethanol standard curve techniques. From the results, the highest pH was obtained at 72 hours of the fermentation period. The reducing sugar content and specific gravity decreased over the fermentation time . The acid-pretreated wood wastes gave a maximum ethanol concentration of 3.84 % and a yield of 7.60 ml/g as measured from the vinometer and ethanol standard curve methods at 72 and 96 hours of fermentation, respectively. About 13.6% v/v of ethanol was recovered from the distillation process employed to separate the components of the product generated after fermentation. The observations in this research reveal the possibility of producing ethanol from G. arborea wood wastes and under optimized culture conditions. This could serve as an alternate means of biofuel generation and hence value addition to the wastes. Keywords: Gmelina arborea, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ethanol, Submerged fermentatio

Use of Wood Waste as Aggregate in Mortars: An Experimental Study

The construction sector is one of the largest and most active in the world economy, being responsible for consumption of huge amounts of natural resources. Natural sand and gravel are the most important resources in construction, they are mainly used as aggregates, and its extraction often causes environmental damages. Bearing these considerations in mind, the wood waste has been used as partial replacement of natural sand in concrete and mortars to reduce the environmental burden of natural sand extraction. The aim of this paper is to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of natural hydraulic lime-based mortars proportioned with different percentages of wood wastes (0% to 30%) as replacement of natural sand. Thus, several specimens of mortar proportioned with wood wastes have been subjected to different experimental procedures, such as: workability, mechanical strength, water absorption and thermal conductivity. Results obtained showed that the incorporation of wood waste causes a reduction of mechanical resistance mostly due to the increase in open porosity, but on the other hand the thermal conductivity presents an improvement up to 83%. The results obtained are quite acceptable and encouraging for the follow-up studies using wood wastes as fine aggregate in mortars and, simultaneously, to improve the energy efficiency of buildings since this waste material contributes to obtain mortars with improved thermal performance.publishersversionpublishe

South Dakota Farm and Home Research

Preparing for ‘Cow-munity’ Water [p] 1 The Soviet Connection [p] 4 The Not-So-Average Typical Snowmobiler [p] 8 Calves on Schedule [p] 11 Putting Wood Wastes to Work [p] 14https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/agexperimentsta_sd-fhr/1100/thumbnail.jp