Viewing the Cultural Trace of the Mosque Building in the Cirebon Sultanate

Indonesian nation has a long historical record, not only about the physical resistance in the struggle for Indonesian independence, but also the culture of its dynamic society and continues to evolve with the changing times. The history of the past brings Indonesian culture into contact with and against the outside culture which then affects various aspects of people's lives. Acculturation, assimilation, and even shock culture also coloring the cultural changes caused by external cultural influences. Included in the field of building architecture, one of which is building a mosque located in the Sultanate of Cirebon, which will provide many interpretations of cultural forms through visual media. The emergence of ports in Cirebon become entrance of various cultures in Cirebon such as Arab and Chinese, in addition to Hindu culture, Buddhism which is already much more rooted in public life. Therefore, studying the development of culture through building a mosque becomes an interesting thing to do.The method used in this study is the historical method. This method uses four stages of work namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Heuristics is the stage of source collection, especially visual sources. Criticism is the stage of source selection or often referred to as the source verification stage. Visual analysis is the stage of visual analysis of visual sources that have escaped criticism (visual facts). Meanwhile, the interpretation or stages of visual elements interpretation or can also be referred to as the stage of visual explanation. Then the stages of historiography is the stages of writing or presentation of history. In addition to historical approaches that emphasize the process aspects are also used social approaches that emphasize the structural aspects. Theories or concepts used in between, social history, and cultural history.The results of this study is a description of the traces of the past culture as a form of acculturation with the outside culture that entered and developed in Cirebon. The building of the mosque becomes very representative since not many more historic buildings are left in Cirebon. Examples of mosque building objects studied in this study are the Pejlagrahan mosque. A mosque which is the oldest mosque in the Sultanate of Cirebon. This study will describe what kind of culture is left from the corners of the mosque building visually. So hopefully this study is enough to explain traces of past culture that is still inherent in the life of the people of Cirebon. Keywords: Culture, Building, Mosque, Visua

The Written Word in Islamic Art

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia Mecânica, na especialidade de Controlo e Gestão, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de CoimbraIn the last few years, there has been a tendency in the way factories have evolved. Increasingly, manufacturing companies are changing and reinventing their production systems. The automation of some technological processes is today a major factor for the success of a manufacturing company. Owing to its flexibility, programmability and efficiency, industrial robots are a fundamental element of modern flexible manufacturing systems, promoting productivity when successfully implemented. In addition, automation can open the door of such processes to more companies, especially small and medium sized companies (SMEs). This thesis is dedicated to study methods that will conduct to the definition of a robotic platform for a relatively new joining process, friction stir welding (FSW). There is a lot of room for improvements concerning the robotization of the FSW process. In fact, this is an important topic due to the enormous advantages that a robot can bring to the FSW process when compared with conventional FSW machines. In this scenario, the advantages of robots over conventional FSW machines are multiple: flexibility, cost, faster setup and easier to programme. On the other hand, they present some relative disadvantages: the reduced stiffness of the robotic arm in the presence of the high forces involved into the process and the positional error associated to this kind of machine. The first axis of research focuses on the off-line definition of nominal robot trajectories with a high-level of abstraction from the robot specific language. This was achieved by directly interfacing with a common CAD package to extract nominal data. There follows a proposal for the discretization of the nominal robot trajectories in small sections. These small sections will then be on-line adjusted according to the inputs from sensory-feedback. Trajectory adjustments are required because the real robot operates in a dynamic environment involving contact between the FSW tool and the work pieces, a partially unknown environment (PUE). Thus, robotic systems must have autonomy to overcome this situation. It is proposed a method for robot self-recognition and self-adaptation through the analysis of the contact between the robot end-effector and its surrounding environment. The proposed force/motion control system has an external control loop based on forces and torques being exerted on the robot end-effector and an internal control loop based on robot motion. The external control loop is tested with a proportional integrative (PI) and a fuzzy-PI controller. Finally, connecting all the dots, it is defined a complete concept and design of a novel FSW robotic platform for welding polymeric materials. The platform is composed by three major groups of hardware: a robotic manipulator, a FSW tool and a system that links the manipulator wrist to the FSW tool (support of the FSW tool). Experimental tests proved the versatility and validity of the proposed solution. The produced welds on ABS plates were tested in order to study the influence of rotational speed, traverse speed and axial force on the quality of the welds. It is presented a comparison between welds produced in the robotic FSW system and in a dedicated FSW machine. Strength and strain properties of the welds are evaluated and correlated with the morphology of the welded zone. It was concluded that the welds produced in the robotic system present similar or better appearance and mechanical properties than the welds produced in the FSW machine.Nos últimos anos tem-se verificado uma tendência na forma como as fábricas têm evoluído. Cada vez mais, as empresas de manufatura estão a mudar e reinventar os seus sistemas de produção. A automatização de alguns processos tecnológicos é hoje um fator muito importante para o sucesso de uma empresa de manufatura. Devido à sua flexibilidade e eficiência, os robôs industriais são hoje vistos por muitos como um elemento chave dos sistemas de manufatura modernos, promovendo a produtividade quando corretamente implementados. Estes aspetos podem facilitar a introdução de novos processos tecnológicos nas empresas, especialmente nas pequenas e médias empresas. Esta tese foca-se no estudo de metodologias que possam conduzir à definição de uma plataforma robótica para um processo tecnológico relativamente recente, a soldadura por fricção linear (SFL). Existe um enorme espaço para melhorias nos sistemas robóticos relativamente à sua aplicação no processo de SFL. De facto, este é um tópico bastante importante devido às vantagens que um robô pode trazer ao processo de SFL. Neste cenário, as vantagens dos robôs sobre as máquinas de SFL convencionais são diversas: flexibilidade, custo, instalação mais rápida e facilidade de programação. Por outro lado, os robôs apresentam algumas desvantagens: a baixa rigidez do manipulador quando sujeito a elevados esforços e o erro posicional associado aos robôs. O primeiro eixo de investigação foca-se na definição off-line das trajetórias nominais do robô de uma forma intuitiva para o utilizador, ou seja, com um elevado nível de abstração da linguagem do robô. Isto é conseguindo interagindo diretamente com um pacote de CAD comercial e extraindo dai os dados nominais necessários. Segue-se uma proposta para a discretização das trajetórias nominais em pequenas secções. Estas pequenas secções serão depois ajustadas on-line de acordo com os inputs recebidos do feedback sensorial. Os ajustamentos de trajetória são requeridos porque o robô irá operar num ambiente dinâmico que envolve contacto entre a ferramenta de SFL e as peças a soldar, um ambiente parcialmente desconhecido. Assim, o sistema robótico deverá apresentar autonomia para ultrapassar esta situação. É proposto um método para o auto reconhecimento e a auto adaptação do robô através da análise do contacto entre o robô e o ambiente envolvente. O método de controlo de força/movimento apresenta um ciclo de controlo externo baseado nas forças e momentos exercidos na ferramenta do robô e um anel de controlo interno baseado no movimento do robô. O anel externo é testado com um controlador proporcional integrativo (PI) e um fuzzy-PI. Finalmente, juntando o anterior referido, é definido o conceito de uma nova plataforma robótica para SFL de materiais poliémicos. A plataforma é composta por três grupos de hardware: um manipulador robótico, uma ferramenta de SFL e um sistema de suporte da ferramenta. Testes experimentais provaram a versatilidade e validade desta solução. As soldaduras realizadas foram testadas de modo a estudar a influência das velocidades rotacionais e transversais, e a força axial na qualidade das soldaduras levadas a cabo em placas de ABS. É apresentada a comparação entre as soldaduras produzidas pelo sistema robótico e as produzidas pela máquina convencional de SFL. As propriedades de tensão e deformação foram medidas, avaliadas e correlacionadas com a morfologia da zona soldada. Foi concluído que as soldaduras produzidas pelo sistema robótico apresentam aparência e propriedades mecânica similares ou melhores que as soldaduras produzidas pela máquina de SFL.FCT - SFRD/BD/62485/200

Redefining Female Talent: Chinese Women Artists in the National and Global Art Worlds, 1900s - 1970s

This study examines the art practices of three generations of Chinese women who were active between the 1900s and the 1970s. Its conceptual focus is on the reassessment of female talent and virtue, a moralized dichotomy that had been used to frame womens social practices and cultural production for centuries in China. The study opens in the period when female poetic practice was harshly vilified by reformists of the late Qing era (1890s-1911). It questions why womens art production was not directly condemned and examines how womens increasingly public displays of artistic talent were legitimized through the invocation of long-standing familial norms, the official sanction of new education, and the formulation of various nationalist agendas. Most importantly, this study demonstrates how women artists joined female writers, educators, and political figures in redefining gender possibilities in the early Republican period. Women artists discussed in this study practiced both Chinese-style and Western-style art. It examines their participation in several different public contexts, including art education, exhibitions, art societies, and philanthropic organizations. Representatives of the first generation, Wu Xingfen (1853-1930) and Jin Taotao (1884-1939), advanced the artistic legacy of their predecessors, the women of the boudoir (guixiu), while at the same time expanding the paradigm of traditional womens art practices. In addition to their emerging visibility in the local art world, they also exhibited works in international expositions, engaged with foreign concessions, and traveled abroad. Members of the Chinese Womens Society of Calligraphy and Painting (Zhongguo nzi shuhuahui) who represent the second generation, embraced new institutional possibilities by studying, teaching, and forming a collective to reaffirm womens position in the traditional-style art milieu. Pan Yuliang (1895-1977) and her cohort of Western-style artists who formed the third generation, contributed to modern art reform in China in the early twentieth century. Pans distinct life trajectory and subsequent career in Paris illuminate the ways race and gender figured in transcultural artistic representations from the 1940s to the 1970s. These artists public presence in both the national and global art worlds redefined and repurposed female talent as both a patriotic virtue, and new expressions of gender subjectivities

Application of Motifs Woodcarving in Preserving Its Authenticity in Istana Balai Besar, Kota Bharu Kelantan

A palace is the legitimate house of a noble monarchy or excessive dignitary. The palaces of the Malay Kings are derived from the architecture of the Malay houses but in a larger scale. However, since it was a government palace, its structure had to be changed to accommodate its dual functional structure. In addition to accommodating the king, the palace also functions as a hub for administrative work. Therefore, traditional Malay royal palaces were decorated with carved decorative elements depicting intricate carvings in specific patterns, shapes, sizes and arrangements. Various sculptural elements with specific characteristics were created depending on their location and the shape of the palace. The woodcarving as embellishment was created at the palace to symbolize the king's status. Motifs are considered one of the primary elements behind the creation of woodcarving and is visually incorporated into various arts and crafts categories. Motifs also plays an important role in a woodcarving composition. Therefore, this study aimed to present a research to explore the visual forms of motifs of the carved component in Istana Balai Besar, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A qualitative research approach was used to collect data through an analytical review of measured drawings and reports of the Istana Balai Besar from the architecture gallery at the Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), interviews with previous local woodcarvers and site visits to the selected palace. The final model confirmed that there were four types of motifs, namely flora, geometry, cosmos features, and Arabic calligraphy carved in two and three compositions together with perforated and embossed types of forms and it can be concluded that the floral motifs are the types of motifs that dominated the woodcarving at Istana Balai Besar

Application of Motifs Woodcarving in Preserving Its Authenticity in Istana Balai Besar, Kota Bharu Kelantan

A palace is the legitimate house of a noble monarchy or excessive dignitary. The palaces of the Malay Kings are derived from the architecture of the Malay houses but in a larger scale. However, since it was a government palace, its structure had to be changed to accommodate its dual functional structure. In addition to accommodating the king, the palace also functions as a hub for administrative work. Therefore, traditional Malay royal palaces were decorated with carved decorative elements depicting intricate carvings in specific patterns, shapes, sizes and arrangements. Various sculptural elements with specific characteristics were created depending on their location and the shape of the palace. The woodcarving as embellishment was created at the palace to symbolize the king's status. Motifs are considered one of the primary elements behind the creation of woodcarving and is visually incorporated into various arts and crafts categories. Motifs also plays an important role in a woodcarving composition. Therefore, this study aimed to present a research to explore the visual forms of motifs of the carved component in Istana Balai Besar, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A qualitative research approach was used to collect data through an analytical review of measured drawings and reports of the Istana Balai Besar from the architecture gallery at the Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK), interviews with previous local woodcarvers and site visits to the selected palace. The final model confirmed that there were four types of motifs, namely flora, geometry, cosmos features, and Arabic calligraphy carved in two and three compositions together with perforated and embossed types of forms and it can be concluded that the floral motifs are the types of motifs that dominated the woodcarving at Istana Balai Besar

Emotional Space: An Approach for Balancing Historic Preservation and New Construction in the Redevelopment of Chinese Culture Museums

We cannot avoid the confrontation between old and new in the redevelopment of Chinese cultural museums. How to balance the two of them becomes a problem in China. However, the current expansion or renovation of Chinese cultural museums remains far from the goal of balancing old and new. Most approaches have employed western museum design strategies to create a place for Chinese art, which delivers a western spiritual and emotional space that differs from the appropriate space for a Chinese cultural context. This mental disconnection not only causes the result of imbalance, but also obstructs the complete access to Chinese art. Therefore, this study focuses on the definition of the Chinese spatial conceptions both in buildings and gardens, demonstrated by an alternative design proposition for the New Suzhou Art Museum in employing the concept of Emotional Space as the primary design principle. Emotional space allows communication among buildings, the environment, and human beings through people’s various senses. Both the old and new parts of museum projects require making the architecture speak to the public. The employment of emotional space becomes an approach to establish the basic design elements for the incorporation of the old and new. This common ground, emotional space, not only provides a possible solution to solve current confrontations, but also points out an approach to ensure cultural museums tell their own stories

Research on Calligraphy Evaluation Technology Based on Deep Learning

Today, when computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is booming, related research in the field of calligraphy education still hasn’t much progress. This main research for the calligraphy beginners to evaluate their works anytime and anywhere. Author uses the literature research and interview to understand the common writing problems of beginners. Then conducts discussion on these problems, design of solutions, research on algorithms, and experimental verification. Based on the ResNet-50 model, through WeChat applet implements for beginners. The main research contents are as follows: (1) In order to achieve good results in calligraphy judgment, this article uses the ResNet-50 model to judge calligraphy. First, adjust the area of the handwritten calligraphy image as the input of the network to a small block suitable for the network. While training the network, adjust the learning rate, the number of image layers and the number of training samples to achieve the optimal. The research results show that ResNet has certain practicality and reference value in the field of calligraphy judgment. Regarding the possible over-fitting problem, this article proposes to improve the accuracy of the judgment by collecting more data and optimizing the data washing process. (2) Combining the rise of WeChat applets, in view of the current WeChat applet learning platform development process and the problem of fewer functional modules, this paper uses cloud development functions to develop a calligraphy learning platform based on WeChat applets. While simplifying the development process, it ensures that the functional modules of the platform meet the needs of teachers and beginners, it has certain practicality and commercial value. After the development of the calligraphy learning applet is completed, it will be submitted for official

Visitors\u27 Perception of Cirebon as a Tourist Destination-building to Promote the City

The problem identified in this study is how visitors\u27 perception and the image communication influenced the overall image of Cirebon as a tourist destination. This study was conducted by using structural equation modelling. The results of this study show that perception variable equation significantly affected the overall image variable, while the image communication variable did not significantly affect the overall image. On the other hand, the causal relationship equation shows that there is a significant relationship between the exogenous latent variable of perception and endogenous latent variable of Overall Image. While there is no relationship between exogenous latent variable of image Communication with endogenous variable of overall image. The result is expected to give recommendation to the local government to develop and promote tourism that at the end can put tourism to generate income for the city.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v11i1.187

Arabic Type Classification System - Qualitative Classification of Historic Arabic Writing Scripts in the Contemporary Typographic Context

The emergence of typography shifted written language into a mechanical tool of transmitting meaning, thereby further reducing the connection of representation of language with the language itself which began with the development of writing systems. Developed from various writing systems and languages, typography is the primary mode of visual communication of language. It has become even more important in the digital world we are living in today. This research examines the relationship of Arabic script conventions and classifications in the context of typographic representation, and how typographic representations of the Arabic language have been distorted due to the influence of Latin typographic guidelines in the development of Arabic typefaces. This history has failed to produce Arabic typefaces that accord with the unique cultural, linguistic and contextual character of the Arabic writing system. To address this, an investigation was carried out, through multiple design research methods and methodologies incorporating typographic studies and theories of embodiment applied to the evolution of the Arabic writing system, calligraphy and typography in the Arab region. The investigation aims to better understand, and respond to problems in the use of typefaces at the intersection of languages and cultures. Through the generation of a typeface classificatory system, linking the ground rules of calligraphic scripts, structural influences of Arabic letterforms, and adapting them into existing typefaces used today, this research proposes a tool to assist designers in the making of typographic decisions in the setting of Arabic language, and in its relationship to roman typography. Key words : Typography, classificatory attributes, Arabic language, culture, linguistics, embodimen