Perceived School Fairness and Willingness to Report Bias-Based Bullying Among Youth During COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND As COVID-19 has let many students into remote learning environments and exacerbated inequality among marginalized individuals, there is a growing concern about Bias-Based Bullying (BBB) in online spaces among school-aged youths. Learning modality and perceived school fairness may affect youth\u27s likelihood of reporting BBB. METHODS Data were collected as part of “No Place For Hate” (NPFH) project, which was conducted by an equity office of a school district. A sample of middle and high school students (N = 1117) in the school district was used as an analytic sample. We conducted a series of independent samples t tests and calculated a hierarchical stepwise multivariate regression model to examine the proposition. RESULTS Results demonstrated that students in fully remote modality reported slightly higher levels of witnessing BBB (t = 2.29, p \u3c .05), lower perceived school fairness (t = −2.94, p \u3c .01), and higher levels of likelihood of reporting BBB (t = 2.31, p \u3c .05). Results of the regression model showed that perceived school fairness was positively associated with likelihood of reporting BBB, even when considering the influences of sociodemographic characteristics, learning modality, and experience of witnessing BBB. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study suggest that learning modality and perceived school fairness can meaningfully explain witnesses\u27 likelihood of reporting BBB. Additional research should continue investigating how schools can encourage students to increase their likelihood of reporting and adopt the bystander response of reporting against BBB at school to ensure school health and safety

Embracing Virtual Reality Technology with Black Adolescents to Redress Police Encounters

As Black youth face race-related stress from personal and vicarious experiences with police, practices advancing youth’s coping self-efficacy and agency are needed. We describe the pilot of a program supporting Black adolescents in creating virtual narratives detailing encounters and resolutions with police and offer preliminary observations of how this program could facilitate racial coping and emotional support. The program included four weeks consisting of both curriculum-based instruction and hands-on activities, four weeks solely focused on designing and developing students’ projects, and one week devoted to students’ final project presentations and peer feedback. We utilized a participatory design to co-create narratives with four high school students in Detroit, Michigan. We discuss how these processes can aid in the development of programs designed to reduce Black youth’s racial stress and improve youth’s coping self-efficacy. Our design and practical recommendations contribute to current literature investigating the utility of virtual narratives in redressing coping strategies for Black youth

Cyberbullying Analysis in Intercultural Educational Environments Using Binary Logistic Regressions

The goal of this study is to analyze how religion, ethnic group, and race influence the likelihood of becoming either a cybervictim or cyberbully in intercultural educational environments. In the research, 755 students in secondary education were analyzed in the south of Spain through the Cyberbullying Scale for students with Cultural and Religious Diversity (CSCRD). The analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package SPSS and the STATA software. The results obtained from the Kruskal–Wallis H test showed significant differences according to these aspects, for both the cybervictim and cyberbully parameters. The results stemming from binary logistic regressions confirmed such differences and regarded those students who belong to the Muslim religion, the gypsy ethnic group and the Asian race as being more likely to become cybervictims. Furthermore, these analyses showed that Gypsy and Asian students were also more likely to be cyberbullies than other groups. The main conclusions state that minority groups are more likely to suffer cyberbullying in intercultural educational environments, and that students from these groups are also more likely to become cyberbullies

J Interpers Violence

Bullying is a type of youth violence and an adverse childhood experience that can result in trauma and have immediate and long-term consequences for all involved. It can happen at school or elsewhere - including online entertainment and social and learning environments. Some children are at increased risk for bullying victimization, such as those targeted because of their racial/ethnic background or cultural identity. This study assessed U.S. parents and caregivers' self-reported changes in concern about their children's involvement in bullying during Fall 2020 compared to the prior year, which was marked by extraordinary historical circumstances (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic, heightened awareness of racial inequities, schools transitioning to virtual learning). Secondary analyses of data from the 2020 Fall ConsumerStyles and | online panel surveys - designed to be representative of U.S. adults overall and U.S. Hispanic adults, respectively - were conducted. Differences by children's type of school attendance (i.e., physically at school or not) and parents' sociodemographic characteristics were explored. While findings suggest that U.S. parents' concern for their children being bullied during Fall 2020 compared to the prior year did not change, significant differences were found by the children's type of school attendance and the parents' race/ethnicity - with increased concern among parents of children who physically attended school, non-Hispanic Black parents and Hispanic parents. Among parents who reported being less concerned during Fall 2020 about their children being bullied compared to the prior year, not being physically at school is noted as the main reason why. Parents who reported being more concerned frequently noted racism as the reason why. It is imperative to understand what parents think about bullying, to best inform efforts to support their key role in bullying prevention.CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States

The Protective Role of Ethnic-Racial Socialization and Ethnic-Racial Identity on Academic Outcomes among a Diverse Sample of Emerging Adult Immigrants in the United States

This study sought to address an existing gap in research literature by exploring the impact of family ethnic-racial socialization and ethnic-racial identity on family separation, the length-of-time living in the United States (US), perceptions of discrimination as well as stereotype threat, and academic outcomes among young adult immigrants to the US. A sample of 96 English-speaking immigrant-origin emerging adults (aged 18-25) from ethnically diverse backgrounds completed electronic self-report questionnaires. A Pearson’s correlational analysis found ethnic-racial identity to be significantly and positively related to ethnic-racial socialization, perceived stereotype threat, and academic outcomes. Additionally, a Linear regression analysis was conducted using length-of-time in the US, ethnic-racial socialization, and the interaction of both as predictor variables and academic outcomes (i.e., academic self-efficacy, academic self-ranking, and GPA) as dependent variables. This interaction had a significant effect only on academic self-efficacy. Also, a t-test found no significant difference in ethnic-racial identity between participants experiencing family separation and those who were not. Instead, a Person’s correlational analysis found that ethnic-racial socialization predicted ethnic-racial identity regardless of family separation. In sum, findings from the current study suggest that ethnic-racial socialization experiences have a substantial impact on ethnic-racial identity, and both have a significant influence on academic outcomes; ethnic-racial socialization plays an important role in the face of family separation; and ethnic-racial identity has a critical influence on perceived stereotype threat. Also, current findings highlight the significance race and gender may have in perceived discriminatory experiences and academic self-efficacy development (respectively). Implications for research and practice are discussed

African American Young People\u27s Views of Youth Participation and its Implications for Addressing Community Problems

Youth participation has been brought to the forefront of scholarly concerns by a growing interest in the positive effects of youth participation on developmental outcomes. However, few studies have investigated within group variations in African American young people’s views of civic participation. The present study examined African American early adolescents’ perceptions of youth participation in resolving community problems. Using a written protocol instrument with open-ended questions, the present study elicited diverse narratives from thirty-one 11-14 year old African American adolescents in order to address within-group variations in their experiences with youth participation and their understanding of racial discrimination. Participants described their understandings of social problems in their communities and their understandings of the role of young people in addressing those social problems. Participants were also asked to write about whether they believe that people are treated differently based on their race and ethnicity. Based on a narrative plot analysis (Daiute, 2013), the two most commonly identified problems for young people in their communities were bullying and racial discrimination. Participants wrote of both problems as forms of social exclusion. As in previous studies of social exclusion (Ruck, Park, Crystal, & Killen, 2014), injustice and inequality were commonly mentioned themes in young people’s reasoning. In addition, discussions of racist beliefs elicited references to social hierarchy and historical circumstances. Similarly to prior research on child participation (Morrow, 2005), participants in this study revealed a range of experiences with volunteer work and community service. The civic activities young people identified as meaningful ranged from structured school-based activities to information exchanges and self-managed bystander interventions. Many of the identified forms of participation are typically not explored by standard measures of youth participation. The present study’s results are discussed in terms of the extant research on youth participation and social exclusion. The findings of the current study suggest that community problems assist young people in organizing their views of youth participation. Future studies should consider the differences between the participation of African American youth growing up in racially homogenous communities and of those who live in more diverse communities

The Predictors of Family Cohesion and Conflict in Transracially Adoptive Families

Transracial adoption in the United States has a short, but controversial history. Between 1971 and 2001, U.S. citizens adopted 265, 677 children from other countries. The increased prevalence and controversial history of transracial adoption makes it very important to learn more about the well being of transracially adoptive families. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the extent to which the diversity of the community in which a family lives and the parent's multiethnic experiences are predictors of family cohesion and conflict in transracially adoptive families. This relationship was examined for a sample (N=47) of Asian (n=24) Black (n=12) and Latino (n=11) participants. Results yielded no significant results, except for one interesting finding for the Latino racial/ethnic group. The results indicated that for the Latino racial/ethnic group the higher the parent's multiethnic experiences the lower the level of family cohesion, which was not in the predicted direction. The empirical implications of these findings are discussed

Investigation of migration-related challenges in order to develop an online information network for Persian immigrants

Dissertação de mestrado em International BusinessInternational migration is one of the most challenging issues of recent decades which has led to plenty of research on various aspects of migration. Many researchers conducted investigations to recognize the needs and impediments in the migration process as well as proposing suggestions to tackle the problem of adaptation and integration of immigrants to the new environment. Internet as a vehicle of communication and a platform for information retrieval has become the most popular medium among immigrants, facilitating the transnational practices and their adaptation process to the new society. Iran is one of the countries with the high rate of immigration, intensified following the 1979 Islamic revolution. While the Iranian immigrants as a minority group in most countries are not well organized and suffer from lack of social supports, there is no comprehensive informative online platform in which they can acquire their necessary information and communicate with fellow immigrants. We therefore aimed to propose a Persian information network for Iranian immigrants to meet their needs of information and communication in their new society. The first part of this study was investigating the literature upon different aspects of migration and Iranian immigrants‟ needs and barriers throughout their migration process. The second part included the development of a survey to explore the sample of Iranian immigrants‟ needs and impediments during their post-migration life and their attitude and behavior toward an online co-creative website. To this aim, we recruited 201 Persian immigrant individuals to participate in our research for examining the possibility of developing a Persian information network in order to present free information and social support to Iranian immigrants. Our results showed that the majority of the sample population had positive attitude toward using and contributing to such a network with the purpose of value co-creation through exchanging and integrating of knowledge and experiences.A migração internacional é um dos maiores desafios das últimas décadas, a qual tem levado a várias pesquisas sobre os vários aspetos relacionados com a migração. Muitos investigadores levaram a cabo investigações de modo a reconhecerem as necessidades e impedimentos associados ao processo de imigração, bem como propuseram sugestões sobre como enfrentar o problema da adaptação e integração dos imigrantes ao novo ambiente. A internet é um veículo de comunicação e uma plataforma de recuperação de informação que se tornou no meio mais popular entre os imigrantes, facilitando as práticas transnacionais e o seu processo de adaptação à nova sociedade. O Irão é um dos países com maior taxa de imigração, a qual se intensificou após a revolução Islâmica de 1979. Os imigrantes iranianos como grupos maioritários na maioria dos países não se encontram bem organizados e sofrem com a falta de apoios sociais, não existe nenhuma plataforma online que os permita adquirir as informações necessárias e comunicar com os seus companheiros imigrantes. Por isso no presente trabalho de investigação temos como objetivo propor uma rede de informação persa para os imigrantes iranianos, de modo a satisfazer as suas necessidades de informação e comunicação na sua nova sociedade. A primeira parte deste estudo recaiu sobre a investigação da literatura sobre os diferentes aspetos da migração e as necessidades e barreiras que os imigrantes iranianos enfrentam ao longo do seu processo de migração. A segunda parte incluiu o desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa através do uso de uma amostra de modo a explorar as necessidades e impedimentos da vida dos imigrantes iranianos após a sua migração, bem como as suas atitudes e comportamentos em relação a um site online co-criativo. Para este fim, recrutamos 201 imigrantes persas para participar numa pesquisa exploratória com o intuito de examinar a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de uma rede de informação persa que ofereça informação e apoio social gratuito aos imigrantes iranianos. Os nossos resultados mostraram que a maioria da população da amostra tinha uma atitude positiva relativamente ao uso e contribuição de uma rede que tenha como objetivo a cocriação de valor através da troca e integração de conhecimentos e experiências