5 research outputs found

    Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm using recurrent neural network for blood vessel segmentation of 3D medical image

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์ „๊ณต, 2021. 2. Sungwan Kim์ด๊ฒฝํ˜ธ.์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜, ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์€ ํƒ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ข๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์˜ ๋‚œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋™ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ํŒ๋… ๋ฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋•๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘, ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธตํ•™์Šต ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ž๋™ ์ถ”์ถœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋„์•ฝ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณฑ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์ธ U-Net์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธตํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋˜ํ•œ U-Net ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํƒ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์—๋„ ๋ฒ”์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ์› U-Net์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› U-Net์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์–‡๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ฝํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฒ”์šฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํƒ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด U-Net ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธํ˜• U-Net์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด์ฐจ์› U-Net ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์— ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์Œ์„ฑ, ์ž์—ฐ์–ด ๋“ฑ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์‹œํ€€์Šค (image sequence)๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ฐ„ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์ขŒ์‹ฌ์‹ค ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ์ด์ฐจ์› U-Net๊ณผ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› U-Net์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœํ™˜์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ FCN-RNN์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์‹œ์ผœ ๋น„๊ต๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์˜์—ญ์ถ”์ถœ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ด์Šค ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ (DSC) ๋ฐ ์ž์นด๋“œ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ (IoU)์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์ฐจ์› U-Net์€ 0.745, ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› U-Net์€ 0.716, FCN-RNN์€ 0.752, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธํ˜• U-Net์€ 0.807์˜ ํ‰๊ท  DSC๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.3D blood vessel segmentation (3D BVS) is an important prerequisite for various cardiovascular disease diagnosis. 3D BVS is difficult because the blood vessel has complicated structure and is narrower than other organs. We propose a novel deep learning framework to improve performance by emphasizing inter-slice context that the blood vessels are connected through adjacent slices. We implemented a framework from U-Net with two structural modifications. First, the baseline is duplicated several times in parallel to extract features of adjacent slices simultaneously. Second, to weave unconnected contexts between extracted features, a LSTM layer is incorporated between encoder and decoder. Consequently, the spatial information from x-y plain and the inter-slice context from z-axis make the segmentation masks smooth and accurate. Experiment with three 3D BVS datasets shows Spider U-Net outperforms whole representative models in average dice score.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก i ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iv ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ vi ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ viii 1. ์„œ๋ก  9 1.1. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  12 2. ๋ณธ๋ก  14 2.1. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 14 2.1.1. U-Net ๊ธฐ์ €๋ชจ๋ธ 15 2.1.2. ๋‚ ์‹ค๋ถ€ 18 2.1.3. ์”จ์‹ค๋ถ€ 19 2.2. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค 21 2.2.1. ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์˜์ƒ 21 2.2.2. ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์˜์ƒ 25 2.2.3. ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ 26 2.3. ๋น„๊ต ๋ชจ๋ธ 27 2.4. ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ 28 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 29 3.1. ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€์ง€ํ‘œ 29 3.2. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ 29 3.3. ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ 30 3.3.1. ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์˜์ƒ 31 3.3.2. ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์˜์ƒ 33 3.3.3. ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ 34 4. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 36 4.1. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 36 4.2. ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 37 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  38 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 39 Abstract 41Maste

    Deteksi Red Small Dots pada Citra Fundus Retina Menggunakan Mathematical Morphology dan Dictionary Learning

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    Diabetic retinopathy merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh komplikasi penyakit diabetes, yang menyebabkan kerusakan pada retina dan dapat berakibat kebutaan. Salah satu tanda awal dari diabetic retinopathy adalah munculnya microaneurysm yang merupakan pembengkakan atau tonjolan pada pembuluh darah yang terlihat sebagai titik โ€“ titik kemerahan pada retina. Sebelum mendeteksi red small dots, pembuluh darah perlu dihilangkan karena memiliki nilai intensitas yang mirip dengan red small dots. Penelitian ini mengusulkan penggunaan gabungan mathematical morphology untuk mengekstraksi kandidat red small dots dari citra fundus retina dan klasifikasi kandidat red small dots menggunakan dictionary learning. Proses ekstraksi kandidat memiliki dua tahapan utama, yaitu segmentasi pembuluh darah, kemudian segmentasi dark area yang berfungsi menghapus pembuluh darah dan menghasilkan kandidat red small dots. Karena pada proses ekstraksi kandidat masih mengalami over-segmentasi berupa pembuluh darah yang ikut terdeteksi sebagai kandidat red small dots, maka dilakukan klasifikasi terhadap kandidat hasil segmentasi tersebut menggunakan dictionary learning. Terdapat dua tahapan utama dalam klasifikasi, yaitu dictionary construction dan classification. Pada tahap dictionary construction, red small dots yang ditandai oleh pakar digunakan sebagai training sample red small dots dan sisanya dijadikan training sample non-red small dots. Dictionary tersebut kemudian di pelajari dengan dictionary learning yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai training sample untuk proses klasifikasi. Kandidat yang diklasifikasi sebagai non-red small dots diubah menjadi background. Tahap terakhir adalah menggabungkan kembali patches menjadi citra utuh. Citra fundus retina yang digunakan sebagai uji coba diambil dari dataset DiaretDB1. Berdasarkan uji coba, nilai sensitivity, specificity dan accuracy yang didapatkan setelah deteksi red small dots menggunakan metode usulan masing โ€“ masing 74.38%, 99.93%, dan 99.92%. =============================================================================================== Diabetic retinopathy is a disease caused by complication of diabetes, which causes damage to the retina and can result in blindness. One of the early signs of the desease is the appearance of microaneurysm. Before detecting red small dots, blood vessels need to be removed because the blood vessels have similar intensity value with red small dots. This study proposed mathematical morphology to extract the candidates of red small dots from retinal fundus images and classifiy candidates using dictionary learning. The candidate extraction step consist of two parts, the first part is the process to segment the blood vessels. The second part is dark area segmentation that serves to remove blood vessels and produce candidates of red small dots. Because of the over segmentation on candidate extraction process which detect blood vessels as red small dots candidate, the classification is needed to classify the red small dots candidate using dictionary learning method. There are two main parts in dictionary learning method; dictionary construction and classification. In dictionary construction, red small dots marked by an expert are used as the training sample of red small dots and the rest as the training samples of non-red small dots. The dictionary learned using dictionary learning is used for the classification stage. Candidates that classified into non-red small dots are converted into background. The last stage is to merge patches back into a complete image. Data testing of retina fundus images are taken from DiaretDB1 dataset. Based on the experimental result, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy value of the detection of red small dots using proposed method is 74.38%, 99.93%, and 99.92% respectively
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