Control System for V2H (Vehicle To Home) Systems

Systémy Vehicle To Home využívají energii z baterie elektromobilu k napájení chytrého domu a přebytečnou energii ukládají zpět do baterie elektrického vozidla. Náplní této diplomové práce je návrh a realizace řídicí jednotky pro správu energetických toků v systémech V2H. Zvoleným protokolem pro nabíjení/vybíjení elektromobilu je standard CHAdeMO, který umožňuje komunikaci po sběrnici CAN. Navržená řídicí jednotka s názvem Energy Flow Control Unit (EFCU) se skládá z jednodeskového počítače Raspberry Pi 3B+, navržené desky plošných spojů a elektroměru s komunikací po protokolu Modbus. Řídicí jednotka propojuje nadřazený systém chytrého domu, systém správy baterie elektromobilu BMS a obousměrný měnič (umožňující připojení elektrického vozidla do energetické infrastruktury chytrého domu).Vehicle To Home systems use energy from electric vehicle battery to supply the smart home and store redundant energy back into the electric vehicle’s battery. The content of this diploma thesis is the design and implementation of a control unit for energy flow management in V2H systems. The selected protocol for charging/discharging an electric vehicle is the CHAdeMO standard, which enables communication via the CAN bus. The designed control unit called Energy Flow Control Unit (EFCU) consists of a single-board computer Raspberry Pi 3B +, a designed printed circuit board and a power meter with communication via Modbus protocol. The control unit connects superior system of the smart home, electric vehicle battery management system BMS and bidirectional converter (enabling connection of the electric vehicle into the energy infrastructure of the smart home).450 - Katedra kybernetiky a biomedicínského inženýrstvívýborn

Desenvolvimento de um carregador de baterias para veículos elétricos com operação como UPS-V2H-Vehicle-to-Home Operation Mode

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Electrónica Industrial e Computadores (área de especialização em Electrónica de Potência)Os Veículos Elétricos (VEs) são vistos no setor dos transportes como um dos meios mais promissores na luta pela sustentabilidade. Contudo, a integração dos VEs na rede elétrica acarreta novos desafios na gestão desta, principalmente, tendo em conta o carregamento das suas baterias, ou seja, a operação dos VEs no modo Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V). Em contrapartida aos desafios que acarreta a integração destes veículos na rede elétrica, surgem novos conceitos associados ao funcionamento dos VEs equipados com carregadores bidirecionais, que permitem a operação em outros modos, tais como Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) e Vehicle-to-Home (V2H), que integram inúmeras vantagens. Neste sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado integrado teve como finalidade o desenvolvimento de um sistema de carregamento de baterias on-board bidirecional que permita o funcionamento dos VEs como uma fonte de tensão ininterrupta (UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply), associado ao funcionamento do VE no modo de operação V2H. O sistema de carregamento de baterias utilizado é constituído por um sistema integrado de potência, do qual constam um conversor CA-CC bidirecional, responsável pela interface entre a rede elétrica e o barramento CC, um conversor CC-CC bidirecional, responsável pela interface entre o barramento CC e as baterias, e ainda elementos passivos inerentes aos respetivos conversores. Além do sistema integrado de potência existe ainda um sistema integrado de controlo, responsável pelo controlo do sistema de carregamento de baterias. Ao longo desta dissertação é apresentado um estudo breve sobre a história e evolução dos VEs, um enquadramento destes no setor dos transportes, e estão apresentadas as diferentes topologias de VEs existentes na atualidade, bem como os desafios e as oportunidades que resultam da integração destes na atual rede elétrica. Posteriormente, é apresentado um levantamento dos conversores que podem ser empregues em sistemas de carregamento de baterias para VEs e das técnicas de controlo que se podem implementar em conjunto com os referidos conversores. Por fim, de modo a avaliar o funcionamento do carregador de baterias nos modos G2V e V2H, são apresentadas as simulações computacionais realizadas com recurso à ferramenta de simulação PSIM, sendo os resultados de simulação validados posteriormente por resultados experimentais obtidos em ensaios realizados em bancada ao protótipo do sistema de carregamento de baterias desenvolvido.In the fight for sustainability, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are seen as one of the most effective tools in the transport sector. However, the integration of EVs into the electrical grid poses new challenges in its managing considering the charging of their batteries, i.e., the operation of EVs in the Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) mode. In contrast to the challenges that entails these vehicles integration into the grid, there are new concepts associated with the operation of EVs equipped with bidirectional chargers, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H), integrating numerous advantages. In this sense, this masters dissertation aims at the development of an on-board bidirectional battery charging system that allows operation of EVs as an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), associated with the operation of EVs in V2H mode. The used battery charging system is constituted by an integrated power system, which contains a bidirectional AC-DC converter, responsible for the interface between the grid and the DC bus, a bidirectional DC-DC converter, responsible for the interface between the DC bus and the batteries, and passive components inherent to the respective converters. In addition to the integrated power system, there is also an integrated control system responsible for the battery charging system control. Throughout this dissertation a historical survey of EVs is carried out, it is explained how these vehicles fit in the transport sector, and are presented different EVs topologies, as well as the challenges and opportunities arising from the integration of EVs into the electrical power grid. Subsequently it is presented a survey of converters that can be employed in battery charging systems for EVs, as well as control techniques that can be implemented with these converters. Finally, in order to assess the operation of a battery charger in G2V and V2H modes, computer simulations are performed using the PSIM simulation tool, and the simulation results are further validated by experimental results obtained with a developed batteries charging system prototype

Techno-economic assessment of the residential photovoltaic systems integrated with electric vehicles: A case study of Japanese households towards 2030

Finding economical and sustainable pathways for the deployment of renewables is critical for the success of decarbonizing energy systems. Because of the variable nature of renewable energy, however, it becomes increasingly costly when the renewable penetration becomes higher. The recent rise of electric vehicles (EVs) provides us with an opportunity to increase self-consumption of solar photovoltaic (PV) at households with substantially less additional costs. In this paper, we conducted an economic assessment of residential PV systems integrated with EVs (V2H: Vehicle to Home) at Japanese households towards 2030, incorporating the cost projections of these technologies in the future. We found that a system that consists of PV and an EV is already cost-competitive with the use of grid electricity and a gasoline vehicle in 2018. By 2030, the combination of PV + EV would substantially improve the energy economics at households in Japan, reducing annual energy costs (electricity and gasoline) by as much as 68 % in 2030 and decarbonizing the household energy system by 92%. We also found that the PV + EV system is much more economical than a PV-only or PV + battery systems, due to the fact that EV’s large battery can be utilized with minimum additional costs. To facilitate the deployment of the combination of PV + EV, policy makers should reinforce policies to enhance EV, PV, V2H penetration, which will ultimately allow more renewables to be deployed in a cost-effective way

Vehicle-to-anything: a power transfer perspective for vehicle electrification

The concept of vehicle-to-anything (V2X) is mainly focused on the bidirectional communication between any technology of vehicle and any external system that can contribute for its operation. However, prospecting the vehicle electrification, this concept can also be associated with the power transfer between an electric vehicle (EV) and any external system, where bidirectional communication is absolutely fundamental. Within the power transfer, the possibility of exchanging active power between an EV and the power grid is considered as a promising operation mode, especially considering the possibility of selling demand response services for the electrical power grid. Contemplating the vehicle electrification context, in addition to the latent possibility of interaction between EVs and the power grid for active power exchange, other possibilities of interaction can also be considered, providing advantageous services for the power grid. Thus, this article approaches the V2X concept for off-board systems in the power transfer perspective for vehicle electrification, aggregating new contributions related with the interaction between an EV and any external electrical system (operating as source or load), and both from on-grid or off-grid point of view. Contributions are meticulously presented, recognizing their advantages and disadvantages in a real-scenario of operation. A comparison in terms of cost of implementation and in terms of efficiency is presented considering the various solutions of the vehicle electrification in a smart grid perspective.This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2019. This work is financed by the ERDF – European Regional Development Fund through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation ‐ COMPETE 2020 Programme, and by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT‐Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within project SAICTPAC/0004/2015‐ POCI‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐016434. Mr. Tiago Sousa is supported by the doctoral scholarship SFRH/BD/134353/2017 granted by the Portuguese FCT agency. This work is part of the FCT project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030283

Control of a bidirectional single-phase grid interface for electric vehicles

The number of electric vehicles is expected to increase exponentially in the next decade. This represents a huge potential for grid support, such as energy storage in their batteries, with advantages for grid operators and for customers. For this purpose, flexible power interfaces are required. This paper presents a simulation of a bidirectional singlephase power interface between an electric vehicle battery and the grid. The proposed system is fully simulated and counts with features such as vehicle-to-grid, vehicle-to-home and grid-to-vehicle. All power flow and the controllers for these modes of operation are described in detail. The simulation was developed in a Software-in-the-Loop scheme to facilitate a future physical implementation with a Hardware-in-the-Loop platform. The proposed system was extensively tested via simulation, the results proving the system is stable, able to change operation modes smoothly and definition of the exchanged active and reactive powers.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Self-consumption and self-sufficiency for household solar producers when introducing an electric vehicle

The aim of this study was to analyse how electric vehicles (EVs) affect the levels of electricity self-consumption and self-sufficiency in households that have in-house electricity generation from solar photovoltaics (PV). A model of the household electricity system was developed, in which real-time measurements of household electricity consumption and vehicle driving, together with modelled PV generation were used as inputs. The results show that using an EV for storage of in-house-generated PV electricity has the potential to achieve the same levels of self-consumption and self-sufficiency for households as could be obtained using a stationary battery. As an example, the level of self-sufficiency (21.4%) obtained for the households, with a median installed PV capacity of 8.7 kWp, was the same with an EV as with a stationary battery with a median capacity of 2.9 kWh. However, substantial variations (up to 50% points) were noted between households, primarily reflecting driving profiles

Power electronics technologies and applications for EV battery charging systems

Mainly throughout the last two decades, the technologies associated with electric vehicles (EVs) have achieved a pertinent interest, both in terms of scientific and industrial perspectives [...]This work has been supported by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the R&D Units Project Scope: UIDB/00319/2020. This work has been supported by the FCT Project newERA4GRIDs PTDC/EEIEEE/30283/2017 and by the FCT Project DAIPESEV PTDC/EEIEEE/30382/201

Operation modes for the electric vehicle in smart grids and smart homes: present and proposed modes

This paper presents the main operation modes for an electric vehicle (EV) battery charger framed in smart grids and smart homes, i.e., are discussed the present-day and are proposed new operation modes that can represent an asset towards EV adoption. Besides the well-known grid to vehicle (G2V) and vehicle to grid (V2G), this paper proposes two new operation modes: Home-to-vehicle (H2V), where the EV battery charger current is controlled according to the current consumption of the electrical appliances of the home (this operation mode is combined with the G2V and V2G); Vehicle-for-grid (V4G), where the EV battery charger is used for compensating current harmonics or reactive power, simultaneously with the G2V and V2G operation modes. The vehicle-to-home (V2H) operation mode, where the EV can operate as a power source in isolated systems or as an off-line uninterruptible power supply to feed priority appliances of the home during power outages of the electrical grid is presented in this paper framed with the other operation modes. These five operation modes were validated through experimental results using a developed 3.6 kW bidirectional EV battery charger prototype, which was specially designed for these operation modes. The paper describes the developed EV battery charger prototype, detailing the power theory and the voltage and current control strategies used in the control system. The paper presents experimental results for the various operation modes, both in steady-state and during transients