The concept of vehicle-to-anything (V2X) is mainly focused on the bidirectional communication between any
technology of vehicle and any external system that can contribute for its operation. However, prospecting the vehicle
electrification, this concept can also be associated with the power transfer between an electric vehicle (EV) and any
external system, where bidirectional communication is absolutely fundamental. Within the power transfer, the possibility
of exchanging active power between an EV and the power grid is considered as a promising operation mode, especially
considering the possibility of selling demand response services for the electrical power grid. Contemplating the vehicle
electrification context, in addition to the latent possibility of interaction between EVs and the power grid for active
power exchange, other possibilities of interaction can also be considered, providing advantageous services for the power
grid. Thus, this article approaches the V2X concept for off-board systems in the power transfer perspective for vehicle
electrification, aggregating new contributions related with the interaction between an EV and any external electrical
system (operating as source or load), and both from on-grid or off-grid point of view. Contributions are meticulously
presented, recognizing their advantages and disadvantages in a real-scenario of operation. A comparison in terms of cost
of implementation and in terms of efficiency is presented considering the various solutions of the vehicle electrification
in a smart grid perspective.This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope:
UID/CEC/00319/2019. This work is financed by the ERDF – European Regional Development Fund through the
Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation ‐ COMPETE 2020 Programme, and by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT‐Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within project SAICTPAC/0004/2015‐ POCI‐01‐0145‐FEDER‐016434. Mr. Tiago Sousa is supported by the doctoral scholarship SFRH/BD/134353/2017 granted by the Portuguese FCT agency. This work is part of the FCT project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030283
