Metrics for model transformations

One of the key concepts of model-driven engineering (MDE) is model transformation. Because of the crucial role of model transformations in MDE, they have to be treated in a similar way as traditional software artifacts. It is therefore necessary to define and assess their quality. In this paper we present three metric sets for assessing the quality of ATL, QVTO, and Xtend model transformations. We show the overlap between the metric sets, as well as their differences

Pattern-Based Development of Domain-Specific Modelling Languages

Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. A. Pescador, A. Garmendia, E. Guerra, J. Sánchez Cuadrado and J. de Lara, "Pattern-based development of Domain-Specific Modelling Languages," Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS), 2015 ACM/IEEE 18th International Conference on, Ottawa, ON, 2015, pp. 166-175. doi: 10.1109/MODELS.2015.7338247Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) promotes the use of models to conduct all phases of software development in an automated way. Models are frequently defined using Domain- Specific Modelling Languages (DSMLs), which many times need to be developed for the domain at hand. However, while constructing DSMLs is a recurring activity in MDE, there is scarce support for gathering, reusing and enacting knowledge for their design and implementation. This forces the development of every new DSML to start from scratch. To alleviate this problem, we propose the construction of DSMLs and their modelling environments aided by patterns which gather knowledge of specific domains, design alternatives, concrete syntax, dynamic semantics and functionality for the modelling environment. They may have associated services, realized via components. Our approach is supported by a tool that enables the construction of DSMLs through the application of patterns, and synthesizes a graphical modelling environment according to them.Work supported by the Spanish MINECO (TIN2011-24139 and TIN2014-52129-R), the R&D programme of the Madrid Region (S2013/ICE-3006), and the EU commission (FP7-ICT-2013-10, #611125)

Engineering scalable modelling Languages

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Departamento de Ingeniería Informática. Fecha de lectura: 08-11-2019Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 08-05-2021Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) aims at reducing the cost of system development by raising the level of abstraction at which developers work. MDE-based solutions frequently involve the creation of Domain-Specific Modelling Languages (DSMLs). WhilethedefinitionofDSMLsandtheir(sometimesgraphical)supportingenvironments are recurring activities in MDE, they are mostly developed ad-hoc from scratch. The construction of these environments requires high expertise by developers, which currently need to spend large efforts for their construction. This thesis focusses on the development of scalable modelling environments for DSMLs based on patterns. For this purpose, we propose a catalogue of modularity patterns that can be used to extend a modelling language with services related to modularization and scalability. More specifically, these patterns allows defining model fragmentation strategies, scoping and visibility rules, model indexing services, and scoped constraints. Once the patterns have been applied to the meta-model of a modelling language, we synthesize a customized modelling environment enriched with the defined services, which become applicable to both existing monolithic legacy models and new models. A second contribution of this thesis is a set of concepts and technologies to facilitate the creation of graphical editors. For this purpose, we define heuristics which identify structures in the DSML abstract syntax, and automatically assign their diagram representation. Using this approach, developers can create a graphical representation by default from a meta-model, which later can be customised. These contributions have been implemented in two Eclipse plug-ins called EMFSplitter and EMF-Stencil. On one hand, EMF-Splitter implements the catalogue of modularity patterns and, on the other hand, EMF-Stencil supports the heuristics and the generation of a graphical modelling environment. Both tools were evaluated in different case studies to prove their versatility, efficiency, and capabilitieEl Desarrollo de Software Dirigido por Modelos (MDE, por sus siglas en inglés) tiene como objetivo reducir los costes en el desarrollo de aplicaciones, elevando el nivel de abstracciónconelqueactualmentetrabajanlosdesarrolladores. Lassolucionesbasadas en MDE frecuentemente involucran la creación de Lenguajes de Modelado de Dominio Específico (DSML, por sus siglas en inglés). Aunque la definición de los DSMLs y sus entornos gráficos de modelado son actividades recurrentes en MDE, actualmente en la mayoría de los casos se desarrollan ad-hoc desde cero. La construcción de estos entornos requiere una alta experiencia por parte de los desarrolladores, que deben realizar un gran esfuerzo para construirlos. Esta tesis se centra en el desarrollo de entornos de modelado escalables para DSML basados en patrones. Para ello, se propone un catálogo de patrones de modularidad que se pueden utilizar para extender un lenguaje de modelado con servicios relacionados con la modularización y la escalabilidad. Específicamente, los patrones permiten definir estrategias de fragmentación de modelos, reglas de alcance y visibilidad, servicios de indexación de modelos y restricciones de alcance. Una vez que los patrones se han aplicado al meta-modelo de un lenguaje de modelado, se puede generar automáticamente un entorno de modelado personalizado enriquecido con los servicios definidos, que se vuelven aplicables tanto a los modelos monolíticos existentes, como a los nuevos modelos. Una segunda contribución de esta tesis es la propuesta de conceptos y tecnologías para facilitar la creación de editores gráficos. Para ello, definimos heurísticas que identifican estructuras en la sintaxis abstracta de los DSMLs y asignan automáticamente su representación en el diagrama. Usando este enfoque, los desarrolladores pueden crear una representación gráfica por defecto a partir de un meta-modelo. Estas contribuciones se implementaron en dos plug-ins de Eclipse llamados EMFSplitter y EMF-Stencil. Por un lado, EMF-Splitter implementa el catálogo de patrones y, por otro lado, EMF-Stencil implementa las heurísticas y la generación de un entorno de modelado gráfico. Ambas herramientas se han evaluado con diferentes casos de estudio para demostrar su versatilidad, eficiencia y capacidade

Towards an aspect weaving BPEL engine

This position paper proposes the use of dynamic aspects and the visitor design pattern to obtain a highly configurable and extensible BPEL engine. Using these two techniques, the core of this infrastructural software can be customised to meet new requirements and add features such as debugging, execution monitoring, or changing to another Web Service selection policy. Additionally, it can easily be extended to cope with customer-specific BPEL extensions. We propose the use of dynamic aspects not only on the engine itself but also on the workflow in order to tackle the problems of Web Service hot deployment and hot fixes to long running processes. In this way, composing aWeb Service "on-the-fly" means weaving its choreography interface into the workflow

Illicium A modular transpilation toolchain from Pharo to C

International audienceThe Pharo programming language runs on the OpenSmalltalk-VM. This Virtual Machine (VM) is mainly written in Slang, a subset of the Smalltalk language dedicated to VM development. Slang is transpiled to C using the Slang-to-C transpiler. The generated C is then compiled to produce the VM exe-cutable binary code. Slang is a powerful dialect for generating C because it benefits from the tools of the Smalltalk environment, including a simulator that runs and debugs the VM. However, the Slang-to-C transpiler is often too permissive. For example, the Slang-to-C transpiler generates invalid C code from some Smalltalk concepts it does not support. This makes the Slang code hard to debug as the errors are caught very late during the development process, which is worsen by the loss of the mapping between the generated C code and Slang. The Slang-to-C transpiler is also hard to extend or adapt to modify part of the translation process. In this paper we present Illicium, a new modular transpila-tion toolchain based on a subset of Pharo targeting C through AST transformations. This toolchain translates the Pharo AST into a C AST to generate C code. Using ASTs as source and target artifacts enables analysis, modification and validation at different levels during the translation process. The main translator is split into smaller and replaceable translators to increase modularity. Illicium also allows the possibility to introduce new translators and to chain them together, increasing reusability. To evaluate our approach, we show with a use case how to extend the transpilation process with a translation that requires changes not considered in the original C AST

A Declarative Language for Preserving Consistency of Multiple Models

Der Einsatz mehrerer Modelle zur Beschreibung eines Softwaresystems birgt oftmals die Herausforderung, diese konsistent zu halten. Während es viel Forschung zur Konsistenzhaltung zweier Modelle gibt, untersuchen nur wenige Arbeiten die Spezifika der Konsistenzhaltung mehrerer Modelle. In dieser Bachelorarbeit wird eine neue Programmiersprache vorgestellt, die es erlaubt, Transformationen zu erstellen, die mehr als zwei Modelle konsistent halten. Die Sprache verwendet ein Zwischen-Metamodell, sodass alle Transformationen zuerst von einem existierenden Modell in das Zwischenmodell und dann erst in die anderen Modelle ausgeführt werden. Zunächst betrachten wir verschiedene Möglichkeiten, wie Modelle mit ausschließlich binären Transformationen konsistent gehalten werden können. Im Weiteren demonstrieren wir Vorteile davon, ein Zwischen-Metamodell in den Konsistenzhaltungsprozess einzuführen. Im nächsten Schritt präsentieren wir die Gemeinsamkeiten-Sprache als eine Möglichkeit der Konsistenzhaltung mittels Zwischen-Metamodellen. Sie ermöglicht Entwicklern, Metaklassen des Zwischen-Metamodells gemeinsam mit deren Attributen und Referenzen zu deklarieren. Die Abbildungen vom Zwischenmodell in die Modelle, die konsistent gehalten werden sollen, und zurück, können direkt in den Zwischen-Metaklassen, -Attributen und -Referenzen festgelegt werden. Um Logik nicht zu duplizieren, können bidirektionale Ausdrücke für die Abbildungen verwendet werden. Die Sprache ist deklarativ und soll auf diese Weise eine hohe Nachvollziehbarkeit der Transformationen ermöglichen. Wir haben ein prototypische Implementierung der Sprache für Vitruvius erstellt, die in Eclipse für EMF-Modelle verwendet werden kann. Die Implementierung kann als Machbarkeitsnachweis gesehen werden, eignet sich allerdings noch nicht für den Praxiseinsatz. Die Idee, Zwischen-Metamodelle für die skalierbare und modulare Konsistenzhaltung mehrerer Modelle einzusetzen, wurde in anderen Arbeiten in realistische Szenarien bereits erfolgreich umgesetzt. Soweit uns bekannt ist, existiert noch kein Ansatz, der es erlaubt, ein Zwischen-Metamodell und die Transformationen für dieses in der selben Sprache zu definieren

ETYMA: a framework for modular systems

Journal ArticleModularity, i.e. support for the flexible construction, adaptation, and combination of units of software, is an important goal in many systems. In most cases, however, systems achieve only a few aspects of modularity. The problem can be traced to the inflexibility, or the limited view of modularity taken by the underlying architecture of these systems. As a remedy, we show that the notions fundamental to object-oriented programming, i.e. classes and inheritance, can be formulated as a simple meta-level architecture that can be effectively reused in a wide variety of contexts. We have realized such an architecture as an O-O framework, and constructed two significant and distinct completions of it. Systems based on this framework benefit not only from design and code reuse, but also from the flexibility that the architecture offers. In addition, the architecture represents a unification of the fundamental ideas of several similar but subtly different module systems