EMC in Power Electronics and PCB Design

This dissertation consists of two parts. Part I is about Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) in power electronics and part II is about the Maximum Radiated Electromagnetic Emissions Calculator (MREMC), which is a software tool for EMC in printed circuit board (PCB) design. Switched-mode power converters can be significant sources of electromagnetic fields that interfere with the proper operation of nearby circuits or distant radio receivers. Part I of this dissertation provides comprehensive and organized information on the latest EMC developments in power converters. It describes and evaluates different technologies to ensure that power converters meet electromagnetic compatibility requirements. Chapters 2 and 3 describe EMC noise sources and coupling mechanisms in power converters. Chapter 4 reviews the measurements used to characterize and troubleshoot EMC problems. Chapters 5 - 8 cover passive filter solutions, active filter solutions, noise cancellation methods and reduced-noise driving schemes. Part II describes the methods used, calculations made, and implementation details of the MREMC, which is a software tool that allows the user to calculate the maximum possible radiated emissions that could occur due to specific source geometries on a PCB. Chapters 9 - 13 covers the I/O coupling EMI algorithm, Common-mode EMI algorithm, Power Bus EMI algorithm and Differential-Mode EMI algorithm used in the MREMC

ATLAS pixel detector electronics and sensors

The silicon pixel tracking system for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is described and the performance requirements are summarized. Detailed descriptions of the pixel detector electronics and the silicon sensors are given. The design, fabrication, assembly and performance of the pixel detector modules are presented. Data obtained from test beams as well as studies using cosmic rays are also discussed

Design of an electric drivetrain for the Formula Student-class vehicle

Hlavním úkolem této diplomové práce bylo navrhnout a postavit funkční prototyp frekvenčního měniče pro použití ve vozidlech týmu eForce FEE Prague Formula, soutěžícího v mezinárodní inženýrské soutěži Formula Student. Práce je členěna do několika kapitol, kdy je nejdříve prozkoumán již minule provedený vývoj v týmu. Dále je vystavěna potřebná teorie pro vývoj frekvenčního měniče. Další kapitola detailně popisuje provedený vývoj zařízení. Poslední kapitoly se věnují zhodnocení navrženého měniče. Diplomová práce také prozkoumala nové možnosti v měření fázových proudů, umožňující vysokou přesnost při zachování nízké ceny a kompaktních rozměrů. Celkovým cílem bylo navrhnout jednoduché a robustní zařízení s nízkou výrobní cenou. Ověřování návrhu bylo provedeno v laboratořích fakulty pro ujištění připravenosti navrženého měniče pro nasazení do vozidla. Práce bude pokračovat na vylepšování řídícího algoritmu a postupné integraci do týmových vozidel.This thesis' main objective was to design and develop a functional motor controller for usage in a Formula Student competition vehicle of the eForce FEE Prague Formula team. Work is split into several chapters. Exploring a drivetrain development progression in the team, presenting a needed theory for a motor controller development and giving a detailed overview of the designed device. The last chapters are dedicated to evaluation of the design. Thesis had explored a new methodology in a phase current sensing, providing a significant precision while allowing for a low cost and compact design. Overall aim was to create a simple, robust and cheap solution. Verification of the design was performed in the laboratory environment of the faculty in order to ensure preparedness for integration into the vehicle. Further work will focus on control strategy improvements and final integration into the team's vehicles

Advances in Superconducting Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

The topics of this thesis are based on circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED), a theoretical and experimental platform allowing the study of light--matter interaction. This platform is rich both in observable physical phenomena and future practical applications. A "circuit" in cQED may comprise various elements, with the two main types being electromagnetic quantum harmonic oscillators, or resonators, and superconducting Josephson quantum bits, qubits. Because of the relative ease to fabricate and control quantum circuits—especially when compared to the more traditional cavity quantum electrodynamics—cQED has quickly grown in popularity in research labs across the world and is regarded as one of the major contenders for quantum computing. The advances referred to in the title of this thesis address three significant challenges to practical applications of cQED; they are relevant not only to quantum computing, but also to other applications, such as simulations of physical systems. The first advance is related to control scalability. Practical applications require large circuits, and the current approaches used to send control signals to those circuits will not scale indefinitely. A solution to this challenge, the quantum socket, is presented and evaluated in depth. The second advance concerns calibration. Any application of cQED requires knowing the precise parameters defining the interactions between the various components of a circuit. Two cutting edge methods for the calibration of interaction parameters are explained and benchmarked; they show a remarkable improvement over existing, inefficient, methods. The third advance involves the physics of dielectric defects in the samples on which circuits are fabricated. These unwanted defects are modeled as two-level systems (TLS) that interact with circuit elements such as qubits. Experimental measurements and novel simulations conclusively demonstrate that interactions between TLS are responsible for the stochastic relaxation-time fluctuations observed in superconducting qubits

R & D for collider beauty physics at the LHC

We propose an R&D program for the development of a Beauty trigger and innovative elements of the associated spectrometer. A series of short test runs is proposed at the SPS p-pbar Collider with the minimal spectrometer which will allow a credible B signal to be obtained in an invariant mass spectrum of reconstructed B mesons. The program builds on the success of the recent collider run of the P238 Collaboration, in which clean signals from beam-beam interactions were observed in a large silicon strip microvertex detector running 1.5 mm from the circulating beams. A continuing successful R&D program of the type proposed could ultimately lead to a collider experiment at the LHC to study CP Violation and rare B decays

접촉 전류와 전자파 방해를 고려한 정전식 절연형 클래스 E 컨버터 설계

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2021.8. 하정익.This dissertation studies a method to reduce the common-mode current in capacitive isolated class E converter. Removing a transformer from a galvanically isolated converter has been researched a lot to design a high power density DC/DC converter. One way to remove the transformer is to use a capacitor instead of a transformer for galvanic isolation. However, using a capacitor increases the common-mode current, which can cause high touch current and conduction EMI (Electromagnetic Interference). Due to a user's safety and compatibility with other electronic devices, all electronic devices' touch current and EMI are strictly regulated. Therefore, methods to reduce a common-mode current in a capacitive isolated DC/DC converter are studied in this dissertation. In this dissertation, common-mode current in the grid frequency band and switching frequency band are analyzed separately. A common-mode current in the grid frequency band is related to touch current, while the switching frequency component of a common-mode current is responsible for conduction EMI. Since grid frequency is relatively low-frequency, the impedance of a capacitor is high at this frequency range. This dissertation, thus, calculates a maximum capacitance allowed to meet the touch current regulation. For DC/DC converter topology, a class E converter is chosen since this topology is suitable for operating in high frequency and reduce the capacitor to block touch current. A balanced class E converter is proposed for lowering the common-mode current in the switching frequency band. The converter's balanced structure can eliminate the common-mode voltage and thus decrease the common-mode current. A common-mode current in class E DC/DC converter with LC series network and T-network is analyzed in this dissertation. T-network is used to set the voltage gain between input and output voltage of the DC/DC converter, and the design method for this network is also written in this dissertation. The common-mode current in a conventional and a balanced class E converter is compared. The effect of parameter error on a common-mode current in a balanced class E converter is also analyzed. Lastly, a self-powered gate driver circuit for providing power to gate drive is presented. Since a high side switch needs to be placed to operate a balanced class E converter, a circuit providing stable power to a gate driver is necessary. Therefore, a self-powered gate driver circuit that can draw power from the voltage across the switch is proposed. Conduction EMI and touch current are measured using 40W 7cm by 3cm converter prototype. From the experiment, the proposed balanced class E converter has lower EMI noise compare to the conventional class E converter. Also, the measured touch current satisfies the regulation ensuring the safety of a proposed capacitive isolated converter.본 논문은 정전식 절연형 클래스 E 컨버터에서 발생하는 공통모드 전류를 분석하고 줄이는 방식을 제안한다. 고전력 밀도의 DC/DC 컨버터 설계를 위해 절연형 컨버터의 변압기를 제거하는 연구가 많이 진행되어 왔다. 변압기를 제거하는 한 방법은 변압기 대신에 커패시터를 이용해 갈바닉 절연을 달성하는 방법이다. 그러나 커패시터를 사용하게 되면 커패시터를 통해 공통모드 전류가 흐르게 되고 이는 접촉 전류와 전도 전자 방해 노이즈를 발생시킨다. 모든 전자기기는 사용자의 안전과 다른 전자기기와의 전자 적합성을 위해 공통모드 전류로 인해 발생하는 접촉 전류와 전도 전자 방해 노이즈를 제한하고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 정전식 절연형 클래스 E 컨버터에서 발생하는 공통모드 전류를 분석하고 이를 줄이는 방법을 연구한다. 먼저 계통 주파수 대역의 공통모드 전류를 먼저 분석하였다. 이 저주파수 대역의 공통모드 전류는 사용자의 안전을 위협하는 접촉 전류와 관련이 있다. 저주파수 대역에서는 커패시터가 높은 임피던스를 가지기 때문에 최대 커패시터 값을 설정해서 접촉 전류를 규정에 만족하도록 설정할 수 있다. DC/DC 컨버터의 토폴로지로는 클래스 E 컨버터를 선정하였다. 이 토폴로지는 영 전압 스위칭을 통해 고주파 스위칭이 가능하다는 장점이 있어 절연을 위해 사용하는 커패시터 값을 접촉 전류 규정에 맞게 줄일 수가 있다. 전도 전자 방해 노이즈를 발생시키는 고주파의 공통모드 전류를 제거하기 위해서는 컨버터를 대칭형으로 설계하는 방식을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 LC 직렬 네트워크를 사용하는 정전식 클래스 E 컨버터와 T-네트워크를 사용하는 정전식 클래스 E 컨버터의 공통모드 전류를 분석하였다. 여기서 T-네트워크는 컨버터의 입출력비를 설정할 수 있도록 설계되었고 논문에서 이 네트워크를 설계 방식도 같이 제시하였다. 기존의 클래스 E 컨버터와 대칭형 클래스 E 컨버터의 공통모드 전류를 비교하였고 대칭형 컨버터에서 파라미터 오차에 의한 공통모드 전류도 본 논문에서 분석하였다. 마지막으로 대칭형 클래스 E 컨버터를 설계하기 위해서는 스위치가 상측에 배치되어야 하는데 이를 위해서는 스위치의 게이트 드라이버의 전원을 공급해주는 회로가 추가로 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 스위치에 인가되는 전압을 이용해 게이트 구동기의 전원을 공급해주는 회로를 제시한다. 제안한 컨버터는 40W급의 7cm x 3cm 크기의 프로토타입을 이용해 실험을 진행했다. LC 직렬 네트워크를 사용하는 정전식 절연형 클래스 E 컨버터와 T-네트워크를 사용하는 정전식 절연형 클래스 E 컨버터를 실험했고 접촉 전류와 전도 전자 방해 노이즈를 측정했다. 제안한 정전식 절연형 컨버터가 기존의 컨버터에 비해 전도 전자 방해 노이즈를 감소시킬 수 있었고 접촉 전류 또한 규정에 맞게 제한되어 제안하는 정전식 절연형 컨버터의 안정성을 확인하였다.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Objective 11 1.3 Thesis Composition 12 2. Capacitive Isolated Converter Design 14 2.1 Modeling of Capacitive Isolated Converter 14 2.2 Grid Frequency Component Analysis 16 2.3 High-Frequency Converter Topology 26 2.3.1 Class E Converter Operation 30 2.3.2 Inverter and Rectifier Voltage Analysis 35 3. Class E Converter with LC Series Network 49 3.1 Common Mode Current in Class E Converter 49 3.2 Common Mode Current in Balanced Class E Converter 59 3.2.1 Common mode filter 72 3.3 Experimental Results 76 4. Class E Converter with T-model Network 83 4.1 Two-port Network Design 83 4.2 Common Mode Current in Class E Converter 100 4.3 Common Mode Current in Balanced Class E Converter 106 4.4 Experimental Result 117 5. Self-powered Gate Driver Circuit 120 6. Conclusion and Future Research 135 6.1 Conclusion 135 6.2 Future Research 138 Appendix 139 A.1 Safety Requirements for Medical Electrical Equipment 139 A.2 Common Mode Current in Class E Converter 143 Reference 146 국문 초록 155박

Foundation Fieldbus Interoperability Testing And System Configuration For Emerson Host

This report will generally discuss on the progress and basic understanding on selected Final Year Project (FYP) title which is FOUNDATION Fieldbus Interoperability Test (FFIT) and System Configuration for Emerson. Fieldbus is a digital, two way communication link between controls where this technology will replace the conventional 4-2OmA standard. This project is concern with technical verification and interoperability of FOUNDATION Fieldbus products involving the ability of communication between different devices and host of different manufacturer

Technical Design Report for the: PANDA Micro Vertex Detector

This document illustrates the technical layout and the expected performance of the Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) of the PANDA experiment. The MVD will detect charged particles as close as possible to the interaction zone. Design criteria and the optimisation process as well as the technical solutions chosen are discussed and the results of this process are subjected to extensive Monte Carlo physics studies. The route towards realisation of the detector is outlined.Comment: 189 pages, 225 figures, 41 table