PRODUCTIVITY OF THE SUFFIX –ER IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN

Bu makale sözcük oluşumu açısından İngilizce?de ve Almanca?da özdeş anlamları ifade etmeye yarayan aynı türetme soneki –er sonekinin üretimsel kullanımına ışık tutmayı amaçlar. Bununla birlikte, sesbilgiselbiçimbilimsel ve anlambilimsel – sözdizimsel bir bakış açısından İngilizce ve Almanca?daki eyleyen adı için sözcük oluşturucu yapıları araştırır. Bulunan ortak bir eğilim ise her iki dilin –er soneki ile nomina agentis oluşturmak için sabit bir sözcük oluşturucu yapıya sahip olduğudur. Bu sözcük oluşturucu yapı birincil nomina agentis oluşturmak için kurulur. -Er sonekli İngilizce yapılar ve karşılık gelen Almanca yapılar nomina agentis oluşumunda oldukça üretkendir. [+ortak], [+sayılabilen], [+somut], [? insana ilişkin], vb biçimsel özellikler temelinde, İngilizce ve Almanca sözcük oluşturucu yapılar üç anlamsal grupta sınıflandırılırlar: mesleki, sürekli, tesadüfi. Bu makalede, evrensel sınıflandırma için Baeskow (2002: 52) tarafından tanımlanan sınıflandırmayı kullanmaktayız. Sınıflandırma sistemine ait bilgi şöyledir: ortografik gösterim, fonolojik gösterim, fonolojik ayırt edici özellikler, biçimsel özellikler, alt sınıflandırma çerçevesi, anlamsal özellikler ve türetme sınıfları.The paper aims to shed some light on the productive use of the suffix -er in English and German, which, from the word-formation point of view, is the same derivation suffix to express the identical meanings. However the article investigates word-formative patterns for nomina agentis in English and German from a phonological-morphological and semantic-syntactical point of view. One common tendency found is that both languages have a stable word-formative pattern for building nomina agentis with suffix -er. This word-formative pattern is constructed to form primary nomina agentis. The English patterns with the suffix -er and the corresponding German patterns are highly productive in the formation of nomina agentis. On the basis of the formal features [+common], [+count], [+concrete], [? human], etc., the English and German word-formative patterns are classified in three semantic groups: professional, habitual and occasional. In this paper, for the global classification we use the classification defined by Baeskow (2002: 52), classifying system information as follows: orthographic representation, phonological representation, phonological distinctive features, formal features, sub categorization frame, semantic features and derivation classes

Nominalization – lexical and syntactic aspects

The main tenet of the present paper is the thesis that nominalization – like other cases of derivational morphology – is an essentially lexical phenomenon with well defined syntactic (and semantic) conditions and consequences. More specifically, it will be argued that the relation between a verb and the noun derived from it is subject to both systematic and idiosyncratic conditions with respect to lexical as well as syntactic aspects

Ro[u:]ting the interpretation of words

Word formation in Distributed Morphology (see Arad 2005, Marantz 2001, Embick 2008): 1. Language has atomic, non-decomposable, elements = roots. 2. Roots combine with the functional vocabulary and build larger elements. 3. Roots are category neutral. They are then categorized by combining with category defining functional heads

Paracompositionality, MWEs and Argument Substitution

Multi-word expressions, verb-particle constructions, idiomatically combining phrases, and phrasal idioms have something in common: not all of their elements contribute to the argument structure of the predicate implicated by the expression. Radically lexicalized theories of grammar that avoid string-, term-, logical form-, and tree-writing, and categorial grammars that avoid wrap operation, make predictions about the categories involved in verb-particles and phrasal idioms. They may require singleton types, which can only substitute for one value, not just for one kind of value. These types are asymmetric: they can be arguments only. They also narrowly constrain the kind of semantic value that can correspond to such syntactic categories. Idiomatically combining phrases do not subcategorize for singleton types, and they exploit another locally computable and compositional property of a correspondence, that every syntactic expression can project its head word. Such MWEs can be seen as empirically realized categorial possibilities, rather than lacuna in a theory of lexicalizable syntactic categories.Comment: accepted version (pre-final) for 23rd Formal Grammar Conference, August 2018, Sofi

Children’s tolerance of word-form variation

How much morphological variation can children tolerate when identifying familiar words? This is an important question in the context of the acquisition of richly inflected languages where identical word forms occur far less frequently than in English. To address this question, we compared children’s (N = 96, mean age 4;1, range 2;11–5;1) and adults’ (N = 96, mean age 21 years) tolerance of word-onset modifications (e.g., for stug: wug and wastug) and pseudoaffixes (e.g., kostug and stugko) in a labelextension task. Word-form modifications were repeated within each experiment to establish productive inflectional patterns. In two experiments, children and adults exhibited similar strategies: they were more tolerant of prefixes (wastug) than substitutions of initial consonants (wug), and more tolerant of suffixes (stugko) than prefixes (kostug). The findings point to word-learning strategies as being flexible and adaptive to morphological patterns in languages

Interpretable Categorization of Heterogeneous Time Series Data

Understanding heterogeneous multivariate time series data is important in many applications ranging from smart homes to aviation. Learning models of heterogeneous multivariate time series that are also human-interpretable is challenging and not adequately addressed by the existing literature. We propose grammar-based decision trees (GBDTs) and an algorithm for learning them. GBDTs extend decision trees with a grammar framework. Logical expressions derived from a context-free grammar are used for branching in place of simple thresholds on attributes. The added expressivity enables support for a wide range of data types while retaining the interpretability of decision trees. In particular, when a grammar based on temporal logic is used, we show that GBDTs can be used for the interpretable classi cation of high-dimensional and heterogeneous time series data. Furthermore, we show how GBDTs can also be used for categorization, which is a combination of clustering and generating interpretable explanations for each cluster. We apply GBDTs to analyze the classic Australian Sign Language dataset as well as data on near mid-air collisions (NMACs). The NMAC data comes from aircraft simulations used in the development of the next-generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS X).Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM) 201

The semantics of the native greek verb suffixes / Chariton Charitonidis

The aim of this paper is to give the semantic profile of the Greek verb-deriving suffixes -íz(o), -én(o), -év(o), -ón(o), -(i)áz(o), and -ín(o), with a special account of the ending -áo/-ó. The patterns presented are the result of an empirical analysis of data extracted from extended interviews conducted with 28 native Greek speakers in Athens, Greece in February 2009. In the first interview task the test persons were asked to force(=create) verbs by using the suffixes -ízo, -évo, -óno, -(i)ázo, and -íno and a variety of bases which conformed to the ontological distinctions made in Lieber (2004). In the second task the test persons were asked to evaluate three groups of forced verbs with a noun, an adjective, and an adverb, respectively, by using one (best/highly acceptable verb) to six (worst/unacceptable verb) points. In the third task nineteen established verb pairs with different suffixes and the ending -áo/-ó were presented. The test persons were asked to report whether there was some difference between them and what exactly this difference was. The differences reported were transformed into 16 alternations. In the fourth task 21 established verbs with different suffixes were presented. The test persons were asked to give the "opposite" or "near opposite" expression for each verb. The rationale behind this task was to arrive at the meaning of the suffixes through the semantics of the opposites. In the analysis Rochelle's Lieber's (2004) theoretical framework is used. The results of the analysis suggest (i) a sign-based treatment of affixes, (ii) a vertical preference structure in the semantic structure of the head suffixes which takes into account the semantic make-up of the bases, and (iii) the integration of socioexpressive meaning into verb structures

Automatic Extraction of Subcategorization from Corpora

We describe a novel technique and implemented system for constructing a subcategorization dictionary from textual corpora. Each dictionary entry encodes the relative frequency of occurrence of a comprehensive set of subcategorization classes for English. An initial experiment, on a sample of 14 verbs which exhibit multiple complementation patterns, demonstrates that the technique achieves accuracy comparable to previous approaches, which are all limited to a highly restricted set of subcategorization classes. We also demonstrate that a subcategorization dictionary built with the system improves the accuracy of a parser by an appreciable amount.Comment: 8 pages; requires aclap.sty. To appear in ANLP-9