Access and analysis of ISTAC data through the use of R and Shiny

[EN] The increasing availability of open data resources provides opportunities for research and data science. It is necessary to develope tools that take advantage of the full potential of new information resources. In this work we developed the package for R istacr that provides a collection of eurostat functions to be able to consult and discard the data that Eurostat, including functions to retrieve, download and manipulate the data set available through the ISTAC BASE API of the Canary Institute of Statistics (ISTAC). In addition, A Shiny app was designed for a responsive visulization of the data. This develope is part of the growing demand for open data and ecosystems dedicated to reproducible research in computational social science and digital humanities. With this interest, this package has been included within rOpenSpain, a project that aims to promote transparent research methods mainly through the use of free software and open data in Spain.González-Martel, C.; Cazorla-Artiles, JM.; Pérez-González, C. (2018). Access and analysis of ISTAC data through the use of R and Shiny. En 2nd International Conference on Advanced Reserach Methods and Analytics (CARMA 2018). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 193-200. https://doi.org/10.4995/CARMA2018.2018.8345OCS19320

Open government data portals in the European Union: Considerations, development, and expectations

The goal of open government data (OGD) initiatives is to promote transparency, efficiency and public participation in public management policies. To do so, public organizations must consider which elements might help the development of their open government data portals (OGDP). This paper studies the evolution of OGDP in the 28 countries of the European Union (EU) in a multidisciplinary setting. Whereas the comparative frameworks in the literature are mostly based only on technological parameters, this exploratory research aims to uncover which factors might uphold the successful development of OGDP through the analysis of the relationships between a number of technical and socioeconomical indicators over a period of three years (2015–2017), using a clustering methodology. The results show that EU countries are slowly homogenizing their OGD approaches into two currents/speeds, based mainly on economic factors and open government development status. The originality of this research lies in the sense that it provides not only a technical benchmark, but also a longitudinal and multidisciplinary perspective that will add to the current formulation of OGD policies and practices in any international setting

Framework for Prioritization of Open Data Publication: An Application to Smart Cities

Public Sector Information is considered to play a fundamental role in the growth of the knowledge economy and improvements in society. Given the difficulty in publishing and maintaining all available data, due to budget constraints, institutions need to select which data to publish, giving priority to data most likely to generate social and economic impact. Priority of publication could become an even more significant problem in Smart Cities: as huge amounts of information are generated from different domains, the way data is prioritized and thus reused, could be a determining factor in promoting, among others, new and sustainable business opportunities for local entrepreneurs, and to improve citizen quality of life. However, people in charge of prioritizing which data to publish through open data portals (such as Chief Data Officers, or CDOs) do not have available any specific support in their decision-making process. In this work, a proposal of a framework for prioritization of open data publication as well as its application to Smart Cities is presented. This specific application of the framework relies on OSS (Open Source Software) indicators to help making decisions on the most relevant data to publish focused on developers and businesses operating within the Smart City context.This work was funded by (i) Ministerio de Economía e Innovación (Spain) TIN2015-69957-R (MINECO/ERDF, EU) project and TIN2016-78103-C2-2-R (MINECO/ERDF, EU) project, (ii) POCTEP 4IE project (0045-4IE-4-P), and (iii) Consejería de Economía e Infraestructuras/Junta de Extremadura (Spain) - European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)- GR18112 project and IB16055 project

Factors in the adoption of open government initiatives in Spanish local governments

Acknowledgements This research was carried out with financial support from the Min- istry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Spain) (Research project number: RTI2018-095344-A-100), the Centre of Andalusian Studies (Research project number PR137/19) and the Regional Government of Andalusia (Research project number PY20_00314 and B-SEJ-556-UGR- 20). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBUA.The Open Government Data (OGD) projects have spread rapidly in recent years, given that they involve a great transformative potential, whose aims to guarantee transparent government and stimulate the participation and citizenry engagement. It seems that there is a lack of studies analysing factors regarding both the access to OG projects and the volume and format of data published into OGD projects. Therefore, this paper seeks to identify main factors affecting both the way of accessing the OG projects and the volume and format of data published into OGD projects in larger Spanish municipalities (with >50,000 inhabitants and a sample of 145 municipalities). Our main findings seem to point out the intention of sample governments to increase their information disclosure as a way for enhancing their reputation or government's image introducing OGDPs initiatives. Also, it revels differences among analysed municipalities regarding the context in which the information is disclosed.Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Spain) (Research project number: RTI2018-095344-A-100)Centre of Andalusian Studies (Research project number PR137/19)Regional Government of Andalusia (Research project number PY20_00314 and B-SEJ-556-UGR-20)Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBU

A rubric driven evaluation of open data portals and their data in transportation

In recent years, the open data movement is gaining momentum in the transportation industry with multiple State\u27s Department of Transportation (DOT) launching their own repository of datasets. The quality of data, ease of usage and availability of metadata varies from source to source. There is an imminent need to assess the quality of open data portals to provide agencies a yardstick to measure their performance and draw inspirations from higher ranking portals. We propose a data portal evaluation rubric (DPER) which can serve this purpose. DPER is designed to capture the essence of the National Open Data Policy. The DPER was used to evaluate 43 data portals at the state and national level which provide transportation datasets. DPER evaluates the quality of the portal, the openness of data, and the relevance of its content to the transportation sector. The portal of the State of New York scores the highest due to its user-friendly interface with interactive visualization tools, relevant data content, detailed data information and useful API references for application developers

Análisis multidimensional de los portales de datos abiertos autonómicos españoles

Open Government initiatives and reuse of public sector information are implemented in most countries. The destination of this data are open data portals, digital repositories that centralize information of public administrations under the premises of open formats and free licenses. In Spain, the development of regional governments open data portals is undisputed, going from 11 open portals with an approximate offer of 5.000 datasets in 2013, to 17 repositories and more than 14.000 datasets in 2019. This study evaluates these regional government open data portals, considering four complementary dimensions: number of datasets, applications developed, based on these datasets, available interaction options and observed functionality in the portal, finding important intra-community differences.Iniciativas de Gobierno Abierto y de reutilización de la información del sector público están implementadas en la mayor parte de los países. Los portales de open data, repositorios digitales que centralizan la información en manos de las administraciones públicas bajo las premisas de formatos abiertos y licencias libres, son el destino de estos datos. En España el desarrollo de los portales de datos abiertos autonómicos es innegable, pasando de 11 portales operativos y una oferta aproximada de 5.000 datasets en el año 2013, a 17 repositorios y más de 14.000 conjuntos de datos en 2019. Este estudio se ocupa de valorar estos portales de datos abiertos autonómicos considerando cuatro dimensiones complementarias: número de datasets, aplicaciones elaboradas en base a esos conjuntos de datos, opciones de interacción disponibles y funcionalidad observada en el portal, encontrando importantes diferencias intracomunitarias

Local Municipality Public Value Co-Creation through Democratic E-Governance: A Mixed Method Analysis of Korean Municipal Government Websites

The use of technology in the public sector can improve the course of government by increasing efficiency and effectiveness, and bolster democratic principles in governance. The aforementioned can occur by employing transparency, accountability, and citizen engagement, thereby bringing the state-citizen relationship closer. Despite the crucial roles of local governments in promoting democratic practices in the e-government context, prior studies tend to have paid limited attention to e-government practices at the local level. Moreover, it was criticized that early e-government practices focused mainly from the provider’s perspectives and lost the sense of purpose. In this respect, integrating the concept of public value creation into the discussion of digital government may help this new mode of governance live up to its premises. With the gap in the current literature, this article presents a theoretical framework that portrays how the government and its citizens can interact through technology-mediated devices in the decision-making process, namely democratic egovernance, which leads to public value co-creation. Based on the theoretical ground, we analyzed municipal government websites in Korea, as its e-government system at the national level has been internationally regarded as one of the best practices. With a mixed method approach that integrated a quantitative approach to the website evaluation and qualitative analyses of in-depth interviews, we aimed to investigate the extent to which local democratic e-governance developed, and how public value was co-created through democratic e-governance in Korea. This study contributes to the literature by sharing the link between e-government studies and public value theory with substantiated evidence, and it discovered both prospects and latent challenges of public value co-creation through e-governance at the local level

User Perception of the U.S. Open Government Data Success Factors

This quantitative correlational study used the information systems success model to examine the relationship between the U.S. federal departments\u27 open data users\u27 perception of the system quality, perception of information quality, perception of service quality, and the intent to use open data from U.S. federal departments. A pre-existing information system success model survey instrument was used to collect data from 122 open data users. The result of the standard multiple linear regression was statistically significant to predict the intent to use the U.S. open government data F(3,99) = 6479.916, p \u3c0.01 and accounted for 99% of the variance in the intent to use the U.S. open government data (R²= .995), adjusted R²= .995. The interdependent nature of information quality, system quality, and service quality may have contributed to the value of the R². Cronbach\u27s alpha for this study is α=.99, and the value could be attributed to the fact that users of open data are not necessarily technical oriented, and were not able to distinguish the differences between the meanings of the variables. The result of this study confirmed that there is a relationship between the user\u27s perception of the system quality, perception of information quality, perception of service quality, and the intent to use open data from U.S. federal departments. The findings from this study might contribute to positive social change by enabling the solving of problems in the healthcare, education, energy sector, research community, digitization, and preservation of e-government activities. Using study, the results of this study, IT software engineers in the US federal departments, may be able to improve the gathering of user specifications and requirements in information system design

Focusing on Openness of Government Information

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 행정학과(정책학전공), 2021.8. 김다울.지방자치제가 바람직하게 작동하기 위해서는 충분한 정보를 가진 시민 (informed citizenry)이 전제되어야 하며, 이 전제는 지방정부의 적극적인 정보 개방을 통해 충족될 수 있다. 시민들은 지방정부의 내부 행정활동에 대한 정보를 통해 지방정부의 행정활동을 감시하고 견제할 수 있으며, 지방정부가 제공한 데이터를 바탕으로 정부가 해결하지 못하는 지역의 수요와 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 현재 국내외적으로 지방정부의 정보 개방을 증진하기 위한 제도들이 시행되고 있지만, 정보 개방 수준은 지방정부 별로 상대적으로 큰 편차가 존재하고 있다. 이 논문은 지방정부들이 정보개방을 촉진하기 위한 같은 제도의 적용을 받고 있지만, 그 개방 수준이 서로 다르다는 점에 주목하였다. 이에 따라 지방정부의 정보개방성 결정요인을 규명하는 연구를 수행하였다. 관련 선행연구의 검토 결과, 다음과 같은 한계가 확인되었다. 첫째, 대다수의 선행연구는 지방정부의 정보개방에 대해 외부환경의 영향을 강조하고 있으며, 정보개방에 대한 지방정부의 내부적 동인에 대해서는 상대적으로 간과하고 있다. 둘째, 대부분의 선행연구들은 정부가 정보에 대한 수요자이자 실제 사용자로서의 시민의 중요성은 인식하지만, 실증적으로 그 영향을 적합한 데이터와 실증분석을 통해 규명하는 데에는 한계를 보이고 있었다. 셋째, 관련 선행연구들은 지방정부가 직면하고 있는 동태적인 상황에 대한 고려가 부족하다. 다시 말해, 지방정부의 공간적 요소를 간과하고, 지방정부의 정보개방에 대한 인접 지방정부와의 상호작용 가능성을 고려한 연구를 찾기 어렵다. 이상의 선행연구의 한계를 극복하기 위해 이 논문은 지방정부의 내부 기술요인을 강조하지만, 지방정부의 외부 환경요인을 함께 고려하는 기술-조직-환경 프레임워크(Technology-Organization-Environment Framework)를 활용하여 지방정부의 정보개방성 영향요인을 검증하고자 하였다. 분석을 위해 2015년부터 2019년까지의 한국의 228개 (기초 226개, 세종, 제주 포함) 지방정부의 데이터를 수집하였다. 종속변수인 정보 개방성은 정부 내부활동에 대한 감시가 가능한 (1) 행정문서의 원문공개율과 시민들에게 참여의 기회를 제공하는 (2) 공공데이터 개방 셋 수로 측정되었으며, 두 종속변수에 대해 각각 두 개의 모형을 통해 실증분석을 실시하였다. 우선, 에서는 기술 요인(지방정부의 기술 역량, 기술관련 자원, 기술 활용 계획 수준), 조직 요인(지방정부의 규모, 재정 자립도, 단체장의 정치적 성향), 환경 요인(지역 정치영향- 지방선거 연도, 지방의회와의 정치적 경쟁수준, 지역 시민 영향- 조직화된 시민, 개별 시민들의 영향수준, 법제화 영향- 조례 제정여부)이 독립변수로 설정되었고, 통제변수로는 중앙정부의 평가 시행여부, 지역 인구수, 지역 고령화 수준, 농가인구 비율, 연도가 활용되었다. 의 주요 분석 방법으로는 5개년 패널데이터를 활용한 고정효과 모형을 통해 변수들의 영향을 추정하였다. 다음으로, 에서는 정보개방성에 대한 인접 지방정부의 영향을 중점적으로 검증하였다. 에는 에 포함된 변수들을 모두 포함하였으며, 검증 방법으로는 공차모형(spatial lag model)을 활용한 패널 공간회귀분석(고정효과)을 활용하였다. 과 의 주요 분석 결과를 각 종속변수별로 요약하면 다음과 같다. 우선, 지방정부 내부 행정활동을 공개하는 개방성(원문공개율)에 있어서는 단체장의 정치적 성향(진보), ICT인력, 재정자립도(이상 조직 내부요인), 정치적 경쟁, 개별 시민들의 목소리(민원 제기), 관련 조례 제정 여부, 인접지방정부와의 상호작용(이상 조직 외부요인)의 영향이 확인되었다. 원문공개율에는 지방정부 내부와 외부요인 모두 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었으나, 외부 요인의 영향이 더욱 두드러졌다. 특히, 지방정부의 내부 행정활동에 대한 개방 수준은 지방정부를 감시하고 상호작용하는 외부의 행위자들의 관계 속에서 결정되는 것으로 확인된다. 지방정부는 그들이 직면하고 있는 지역의 정치적 환경이 우호적일 때 개방 수준을 높이고, 지역의 정치적 환경이 비우호적일 때에는 개방 수준을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 예를 들어, 지방의회와의 정치적 경쟁이 낮을 때, 개별 시민들의 목소리가 높을 때 내부 정보에 대한 개방을 낮췄다. 지방정부는 여전히 행정정보에 대한 통제력을 행사하며, 그들의 정치적 이해관계에 따라 이를 전략적으로 조정하는 모습이 나타났다. 반면에, 정보 개방과 관련한 조례의 제정과 인접한 다른 지방정부들의 개방성 수준에는 긍정적 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 지방정부가 그들이 직면하고 있는 정치적 환경에 따라 원문공개율을 조정하지만, 지역에 정보공개와 관련한 조례가 제정되어있을 시에는 원문공개 수준이 전반적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 지리적으로 인접한 지방정부들 간에는 원문공개율과 관련하여 정부 간 상호작용을 하는 것으로 나타나 정보개방성에 대한 지역적 확산효과(spill-over)의 가능성을 엿볼 수 있었다. 지방정부 내부 요인 중에서는 단체장의 정치적 성향이 진보적일수록, 재정자립도가 낮을수록 개방성 수준을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 재정자립도가 낮은 지방정부의 경우 중앙정부에서 권고하고 있는 원문공개의 수준을 높였을 것으로 해석이 가능했다. 이 경우, 지방정부가 원문공개 수준을 낮춤으로써 받을 수 있는 비밀주의의 이득(incentives) 보다 원문공개율을 높여 중앙정부로부터 좋은 평가를 받아 중앙으로부터의 재정 지원에 긍정적 상황을 구성하는 것이 더 큰 이득이 되었기 때문으로 추론이 가능했다. 다음으로, 시민들의 참여의 기회를 제공하는 공공데이터 셋 개방에는 지방정부의 기술적 역량, 정보화계획 수준, 정부의 규모(이상 조직 내부요인), 개별 시민들의 목소리, 인접 지방정부와의 상호작용(이상 조직 외부요인)이 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 오픈데이터 모형에서는 원문공개율 모형과는 다르게 조직 내부요인의 영향이 더욱 두드러졌다. 특히 내부 요인 중 기술 관련 요인의 영향이 명시적이었다. 조직의 기술적 역량이 높을수록, 조직의 기술활용 의지가 높을수록 공공데이터 개방에 더욱 적극적인 것으로 보인다. 또한, 공무원 수로 측정된 정부의 규모 또한 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있었는데, 이는 지방정부가 공공데이터를 개방하기 전 공공데이터를 생성하고 수집할 시 조직의 행정력이 소요될 수 있음을 시사하는 결과였다. 예를 들어, 공공데이터 개방 전에 데이터에 포함된 민감 정보를 분리, 비식별화해야하며 저작권 등의 문제를 검토해야 하는 등의 절차들로 인해 공공데이터 개방에는 일정 수준의 행정력이 필요한 것으로 보인다. 또한, 공공데이터의 개방에는 개별 시민들의 목소리(민원 제기)의 유의미한 영향이 검증되었는데, 원문공개율과는 달리 오히려 시민들의 목소리가 높게 표출될 때 데이터를 더 많이 개방하는 양상을 보였다. 이에 대해서는 지방정부가 해결하지 못하는 지역의 문제에 대해 데이터 개방을 더 적극적으로 실시함으로써, 지역 시민들과 문제를 공동으로 해결하려는 모습으로 해석할 수 있었다. 또한, 원문공개율 모형과 유사하게 공공데이터 개방에도 인접 지방정부의 긍정적 영향이 확인되었다. 인접 지방정부의 우수한 공공데이터 개방 성과가 지역의 언론에 공유되었을 경우, 지방정부는 이에 대해 긍정적 자극을 받았을 수 있다. 또한, 인접 지방정부들의 공무원들의 상호작용을 통해 이러한 지역적 확산효과가 일어났을 가능성이 존재한다. 이상의 분석결과는 다음과 같은 이론적 함의를 갖는다. 첫째, 본 연구는 “열린 지방정부”에 대한 개념적 차원을 두 가지로 개념화하고 측정하였다. 특히, 투명성과 알권리를 중심으로 하는 과거 열린 정부 패러다임의 핵심적 내용과 시민참여와 협력을 중심으로 하는 2009년 이후 대두된 새로운 열린 정부 패러다임의 핵심적 내용을 개념적 차원으로 구성하고 이를 각각 경성 자료로 측정을 시도했다. 둘째, TOE 프레임워크를 바탕으로 열린 지방정부에 대한 구조적인 결정요인을 검토했다. 셋째, 본 연구가 제안한 TOEN 프레임워크는 지역 시민의 영향, 인접 지방정부의 상호작용을 포함함으로써 지방 수준의 열린 정부 선행연구에서 존재하던 학술적 공백을 해결하였다. 넷째, 정보개방에 대한 행위자로서 지방정부의 역할을 조명할 수 있었다. 내부정보에 대한 지방정부의 통제, 데이터 개방에 필요한 조직 내부의 역량 등 정보 개방에 대한 지방정부의 전략적 행위와 의도적 노력에 대해서 확인할 수 있었다. 논의를 종합하여 도출한 정책적 함의는 다음과 같다. 지방정부의 내부 활동 정보에 대한 개방수준(원문공개율)을 높이기 위해서는 다음과 같은 방안이 고려될 수 있다. 우선, 원문공개율과 지방정부 평가지표의 연계가 필요하다. 이를 통해 원문공개율 실적에 따라 지방정부가 체감할 만한 보상 혹은 불이익을 제공해야한다. 또한, 현재 진행되는 지방정부의 정보공개 평가 대상 집단의 구분이 지역별 혹은 권역별로 이루어져야한다. 이를 통해 정보 개방에 대한 지방정부들간 공간적 상호작용의 효과를 극대화해야한다. 또한 본 연구의 결과를 통해 나온 결정요인들을 바탕으로, 원문공개율이 낮을 것으로 예상되는 지역에 대한 꾸준한 모니터링이 필요하다. 시민들의 참여를 높일 수 있는 데이터 개방을 촉진하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 방안이 고려될 수 있다. 우선, 행정력 규모가 작은 지방정부에 대해 기술적 지원을 하거나 공무원을 재교육하는 등 조직 내부요인을 중심으로 지원하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 데이터 개방에 소요되는 행정력 소요를 효율화하는 방안을 강구해야 한다. 마지막으로 높은 공공데이터 개방 수준을 보이는 지방정부에 대한 지속적인 성공사례 발굴과 성과 확산을 통해 자율적인 개방성 증진 노력이 필요하다.One important underlying condition of a properly functioning local democracy is an informed citizenry, which can be satisfied when the active opening of government information is possible. In many countries, central governments have led initiatives to promote the release of government information and data in public organizations, including local governments. However, despite the central government’s efforts, local governments’ level of openness varies greatly. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on this variation at the local level and attempts to identify the determinants of openness of government information (OGI). A review of the OGI-related literature found several research gaps. Firstly, most OGI studies have emphasized the external influence of local government in explaining the determinants of OGI. Accordingly, overlooked is the importance of the internal force of local governments in OGI. Secondly, the literature recognizes the importance of local citizens but has failed to empirically verify their impact on OGI in local governments. Thirdly, previous literature fails to consider the dynamic policy environment at the local level. The extant literature neglected spatial attributes of local governments and has yet to address the possibility of interactions among neighboring local governments on OGI. To fill these gaps in the literature, this study establishes and verifies a TOEN framework based on the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. For analysis, the author collected a five-year panel data (2015–2019) of Korean local governments (226 lower-level governments, Sejong, and Jeju). The author measured the OGI, this dissertation’s dependent variable, with the disclosure rate of administrative documents (DRAD) and the number of open data sets. The empirical analysis was performed through two models for each of the two dependent variables. First, comprises technology-related factors (technical capacity, information communication technology (ICT)-related resource, and the technology utilization planning level of government), organization factors (government size, financial autonomy, and political ideology of the government’s leaders), and environmental factors (influence from local politics, a local election year, political competition, influence from local citizens, organized local citizens, and individual citizens, and local legislation). Panel linear regression with the fixed-effects model is employed to verify the influence of these factors. Next, validates the impact of neighboring local governments. includes all the variables in and also uses a panel spatial regression (spatial lag model) with fixed effects as an estimation method. The findings for each dependent variable are summarized as follows. First, in terms of the opening internal administrative activities (DRAD), the political ideology of the government leader, information communication technology (ICT) personnel, financial capability, political competition, citizens’ voice (complaints), related local ordinance, and interaction between adjacent governments were significant. Notably, the DRAD is determined within the relational dynamics between local government and external actors. Local governments raise the openness level when their local political condition is favorable and decrease openness when facing unfavorable political pressure. For example, when political competition with local councils is high, and citizens’ voices are high, DRAD is lowered. These findings show that local governments still exert control over their administrative information and seem to make strategic adjustments according to their political interests. On the other hand, the enactment of the local ordinance related to openness and the influence of neighboring governments positively affected the DRAD. The spatial interaction between local governments regarding the DRAD shows the possibility of a regional spill-over effect on the OGI. Among internal factors, the local government with a progressive government leader and lower financial capability actively discloses their internal administrative documents. As for the opening of public data sets that provide opportunities for citizens to participate, the technical capacity, plan for technology utilization, government size, citizens’ voice, and interaction between neighboring governments were the significant determinants. Unlike the DRAD model, the effects of internal drivers are quite apparent in this model. In particular, the influences of technology-related factors are prominent. The local government with higher technical capacity and higher willingness to utilize technology in the organization are actively opening their public data to the public. Moreover, government size measured with the number of public officials positively affects the opening data. This finding implies that opening public data can accompany a certain level of administrative capacity. The local governments open more data when confronted by more citizens’ voices, interpreted to mean that local governments provide open data to collaboratively address such dissatisfaction employing the local communities’ capability. Similar to the DRAD model, the open data model identified the positive influence of neighboring governments. If local media shared the excellent performance of open data of neighboring governments, local government could be positively stimulated. These results have the following theoretical implications. First, this study conceptualized and measured two dimensions of “open government.” In particular, this dissertation encompasses the core concept of the “old open government” paradigm centered on transparency and right-to-know and the core concept of the “new open government” centered on citizen participation and collaboration. This study investigated the two concepts measured in hard data. Second, this research examined and verified systematic contexts that explain OGI at the local level. Third, the TOEN framework for the local open government, expanded from the TOE framework, filled the research gaps in the open government literature. The TOEN framework contains the influence of local citizens and neighboring governments mentioned in previous studies as limitations or for future study. Fourth, this study illuminated the role of local government as an active actor in opening government information, revealing local governments’ strategic actions and intentional efforts to raise openness of government information. Policy implications derived from the findings are as follows. To increase the level of opening the internal administrative process of local government, consider the following measures can. First, local government needs to introduce stricter management on DRAD. The performance of local governments’ DRAD can be reflected in the annual local government assessment so that they are provided advantages or disadvantages depending on their opening level. Second, the group subject classification to the current local government’s information disclosure evaluation should be by region. Through this, the effect of spatial interaction between local governments on OGI can be maximized. Third, based on the key determinants from the results of this study, the areas need to be continuously monitored where the expectation is that DRAD is low. To promote data openness that can enhance citizen participation, the study suggests the following measures. First, provide technical support or retraining public officials to small local governments. Second, streamline the workload for filtering personal information and copyright issues when opening public data. Third, consistently publicize open data performance and share best practices for open data at the local level.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Backgrounds and Purpose of This Dissertation 1 1.2. The Scope and Method of This Research 7 1.2.1. Research Subject and Scope 7 1.2.2. Research Method 8 1.3. Plan of This Study 10 Chapter 2. Theoretical Backgrounds and Literature Review 11 2.1. Openness of Government Information: Conceptual Definition and Backgrounds 11 2.1.1. Defining Government Information 11 2.1.2. Defining Government Openness: From the Open Government Perspective 14 2.1.3. Definition of Openness of Government Information in This Dissertation 25 2.2. Expected Effects of Openness of Government Information 27 2.2.1. Positive Effects of Openness of Government Information 27 2.2.2. Negative Effects of Openness of Government Information 30 2.3. What Factors Make Governments Open Their Information? 33 2.3.1. Related Theories 33 2.3.2. Prior Studies of Openness of Government Information 46 2.4. Openness of Government Information in Local Government Context 57 2.4.1. Local Government as a Social Actor 57 2.4.2. Institutional Contexts of Korean Local Governments 61 2.4.3. Relatively Neglected Influences on OGI at the Local Level 70 2.5. Summary and Review 75 2.5.1. Summary 75 2.5.2. The Limitations of Prior Studies and Significance of This Research 77 Chapter 3. Methodology 81 3.1. Research Framework 81 3.2. Research Hypotheses 88 3.2.1. Technology-related Factors 88 3.2.2. Organization Factors 91 3.2.3. Environmental Factors 95 3.2.4. Neighboring Government Factor 101 3.3. Measurements and Data Collection 104 3.3.1. Dependent Variables 104 3.3.2. Independent Variables 107 3.3.3. Control Variables 115 3.4. Analysis Plan 119 3.4.1. Model 1: Panel Linear Regression Analysis 119 3.4.2. Model 2: Panel Spatial Regression Analysis 121 Chapter 4. Results 124 4.1. Descriptive Statistics 124 4.1.1. Disclosure Rate of Administrative Documents (DRAD) 145 4.1.2. The Number of Open Data Sets 130 4.1.3. Descriptive Statistics for Independent variables 135 4.2. Determinants of DRAD 143 4.2.1. Results of 143 4.2.2. Results of 148 4.2.3. Summary and Discussion 152 4.3. Determinants of Open Data 156 4.3.1. Results of 156 4.3.2. Results of 160 4.3.3. Summary and Discussion 164 Chapter 5. Conclusion 168 5.1. Summary of This Dissertation 168 5.2. Theoretical and Policy Implications 172 5.3. Limitations and Directions for Future Study 178 Bibliography 180 Appendix 212 Abstract in Korean 214박