Asosiasi Gen TGF-β2 dengan Ukuran-Ukuran Tubuh pada Ayam Tolaki

ABSTRAKAyam tolaki merupakan ayam lokal yang berasal dari Sulawesi Tenggara yang memiliki beberapa keunggulan seperti daya tahan tubuh yang lebih tinggi terhadap virus dan bakteri serta memiliki pertumbuhan yang beragam. Sifat-sifat unggul tersebut dikontrol oleh beberapa major gen, salah satunya adalah Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) adalah kelompok gen growth hormone (GH) yang berperan sebagai pengontrol sifat pertumbuhan ayam dan termasuk dalam kelompok sitokin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui asosiasi gen TGF-β2 dengan ukuran-ukuran tubuh ayam tolaki. Sampel penelitian menggunakan 60 ekor ayam tolaki. Data tentang ukuran tubuh yang diamati meliputi: panjang punggung, panjang femur, panjang shank, panjang tibia, lingkar dada dan panjang sayap. Polimorfisme gen TGF-β2 diidentifikasi menggunakan metode PCR-RFLP. Hasil identifikasi ditemukan 2 alel, yaitu alel T dan alel C dan 3 genotipe yaitu TT, TC, dan CC. Gen TGF-β2 menunjukkan perbedaan (p<0.05) pada panjang femur 9 minggu dan lingkar dada umur 12 minggu. Genotipe CC memiliki panjang femur dan lingkar dada yang lebih tinggi dari genotipe TC dan TT.Kata Kunci: Ayam tolaki, Gen TGF-β2, PCR-RFLP, ukuran tubuh Gen Association TGF-β2 with The Size of The Body in Tolaki ChiABSTRACTTolaki chicken is a local chicken originating from southeast Sulawesi, which has several advantages such as a higher immune system to viruses and bacteria and has a variety of growth. These superior qualities were controlled by several major genes, one of which was Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). Transforming Growth Factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a group of growth hormone (GH) genes that serve as a controlling nature of chicken growth and belong to the cytokine group. The aim of this research was to find out the gene Association TGF-β2 with the body size of tolaki chickens. Samples of the study used 60 tolaki chicken tails. Data about the body size observed include Length of the back, length of the femur, length of the shank, length of the tibia, chest circumference, and length of the wings. TGF-β2 gene polymorphism is identified using the PCR-RFLP method. The identification results found 2 alels, namely allele T and allele C, and 3 genotypes i.e. TT, TC, and CC. Gen TGF-β2 shows the difference (p< 0.05) in the length of the femur 9 weeks and the chest circumference age 12 weeks. The CC genotyping has a higher femur length and a chest circumference than the TC and TT genotypes.Keywords: Tolaki chicken, Gen TGF-β2, PCR-RFLP, body siz

The Attenuation of Moutan Cortex on Oxidative Stress for Renal Injury in AGEs-Induced Mesangial Cell Dysfunction and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy Rats

Oxidative stress (OS) has been regarded as one of the major pathogeneses of diabetic nephropathy (DN) through damaging kidney which is associated with renal cells dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Moutan Cortex (MC) could protect kidney function against oxidative stress in vitro or in vivo. The compounds in MC extract were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS. High-glucose-fat diet and STZ (30 mg kg−1) were used to induce DN rats model, while 200 μg mL−1 AGEs were for HBZY-1 mesangial cell damage. The treatment with MC could significantly increase the activity of SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT). However, lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced markedly in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, MC decreased markedly the levels of blood glucose, serum creatinine, and urine protein in DN rats. Immunohistochemical assay showed that MC downregulated significantly transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) protein expression in renal tissue. Our data provided evidence to support this fact that MC attenuated OS in AGEs-induced mesangial cell dysfunction and also in high-glucose-fat diet and STZ-induced DN rats

Identifikasi Keragaman Gen TGF-β2 dan Asosiasinya dengan Sifat Pertumbuhan pada Ayam Tolaki

The transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) gene is a group of growth hormone (GH) genes that control the nature of growth and belongs to the cytokine group. This study aimed to identify Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) g.640 T&gt;C from the TGF-β2 gene then associated with the growth properties of tolaki chickens. Chicken blood samples used in this study amounted to 70 birds. Data on the nature of growth observed include; hatched weight, feed consumption, body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion. The TGF-β2 gene polymorphism was identified using the PCR-RFLP method. SNP g.640 T&gt;C in the TGF-β2 gene was polymorphic and wasin Hardy-Weinberg balance. Identification results found 2 alleles, namely T and C and 3 genotype namely TT, TC, and CC. The association of TGF-β2 gene diversity in tolaki chicken generally showed a difference (P&lt;0.05) on feed consumption, body weight and body weight gain. CC genotype has higher feed consumption, body weight, weight gain and more efficient feed conversion than TC and TT genotypes

PENGARUH TERAPI ADJUVAN DEKSAMETASON SUBKONJUNGTIVA TERHADAP KADAR INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) DAN TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA 2 (TGF-β2), DI CAIRAN VITREUS PADA PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY GRADE B-C (Studi Eksperimental pada Pasien Rhegmatogenous Retinal detachment di RSUD Dr. Soetomo)

Objective: To evaluate IL-6 and TGF-β2 levels in the vitreous of PVR grade B-C with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment patients that were given subconjunctival dexamethasone adjuvant therapy compared to the group who received no adjuvant therapy at RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups: adjuvant subconjunctival dexamethasone 10 mg (treatment group: 20 patients) and no adjuvant therapy (control group: 16 patients). Group A (20 patients) was given adjuvant therapy with subconjunctival dexamethasone 10 mg as treatment group, and Group B (16 patients) was not given adjuvant therapy as control group. Dexamethasone 10 mg adjuvant therapy was given 5-6 hours before vitrectomy and vitreous samples were collected by pars plana primary vitrectomy. All vitreous samples were immediately frozen at - 80º C. Vitreous levels of IL-6 and TGF-β2 were measured using Human sandwich ELISA. The outcomes were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The mean intravitreal IL-6 level was 334.23 pg/ml in the treatment group and the mean intravitreal IL-6 level in the control group was 157.52 pg/ml. The mean intravitreal TGF-β2 level was 223.93 pg/ml in the treatment group and the mean intravitreal TGF-β2 level in the control group was 151.85 pg/ml. Conclusion: There was no significant differences between the reduction of IL-6 and TGF-β2 levels in the treatment group and the control group

Maternal Psychosocial Factors that Affect Breastfeeding Adaptation and Immune Substances in Human Milk

Purpose : This study was to identify relationships of maternal psychosocial factors including mother's mood state, childcare stress, social support and sleep satisfaction with breastfeeding adaptation and immune substances in breast milk, especially secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2). Methods : Data were collected from 84 mothers who delivered full-term infants by natural childbirth. Structured questionnaires and breast milk were collected at 2~4 days and 6 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results : Scores for the breastfeeding adaptation scale were significantly related with child care stress, mood state and social support. Mother's anger was positively correlated with the level of sIgA in colostrum (p<.01). Immune substances of breastmilk was significantly influenced by time for milk collection (p<.001) and the type of breastfeeding (sIgA, p<.001, TGF-β2, p=.003). Regression analysis showed that breastfeeding adaptation could be explained 59.1% by the type of breastfeeding, childcare stress, the Profile of Mood States, emotional support and sleep quality (F=16.67, p<.001). Conclusion : The findings from this study provide important concepts of breastfeeding adaptation program and explanation of psychosocial factors by immune substances in breast milk. Future research, specially, bio-maker research on breast milk should focus on the ways to improve breastfeeding adaptation.ope

The effects of various growth factors on the proliferation of human nasal septum chondrocytes and reconstruction of human cartilage via tissue engineering technology

Tissue loss and organ failure are one of the costly health care management in all over the world. One of the recent strategies for the treatment of organ failure and damaged tissues is via tissue engineering technology. The primary goal of all approaches in tissue engineering is to repair and restore tissue functions through the delivery of living elements which become integrated into the patient (Langer and Vacanti, 1993)

Induced Attenuation of Scleral TGF-β Signaling in Mutant Mice Increases Susceptibility to IOP-Induced Optic Nerve Damage

Purpose: Axonal optic nerve (ON) damage in glaucoma is characteristically associated with increased amounts of active transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) in the ON head. Here we investigated the functional role of scleral TGF-β signaling in glaucoma. Methods: A deficiency of Tgfbr2, which encodes for TGF-β receptor type II (TGF-βRII), the essential receptor for canonical TGF-β signaling, was induced in fibroblasts (including those of the sclera) of mutant mice. To this end, 5-week-old mice were treated with tamoxifen eye drops. Experimental glaucoma was induced in 8-week-old mice using a magnetic microbead (MB) model. After 6 weeks of high intraocular pressure (IOP), the ON axons and their somata in the retina were labeled by paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) immunohistochemistry, respectively, and quantified. Results: Tamoxifen treatment resulted in a significant decrease of TGF-βRII and its mRNA in the sclera. After 6 weeks of high IOP, reduced numbers of PPD-stained ON axons were seen in MB-injected eyes in comparison with not-injected contralateral eyes. Moreover, MB injection also led to a decrease of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata as seen in RBPMS-stained retinal wholemounts. Axon loss and RGC loss were significantly higher in mice with a fibroblast specific deficiency of TGF-βRII in comparison with control animals. Conclusions: We conclude that the ablation of scleral TGF-β signaling increases the susceptibility to IOP-induced ON damage. Scleral TGF-β signaling in mutant mice appears to be beneficial for ON axon survival in experimentally induced glaucoma

Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi

Pigeon protozoal encephalitis (PPE) is an emerging central-nervous disease of domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) reported in Germany and the United States. It is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Sarcocystis calchasi which is transmitted by Accipter hawks. In contrast to other members of the Apicomplexa such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, the knowledge about the pathophysiology and host manipulation of Sarcocystis is scarce and almost nothing is known about PPE. Here we show by mRNA expression profiling a significant down-modulation of the interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18/interferon (IFN)-γ axis in the brains of experimentally infected pigeons during the schizogonic phase of disease. Concomitantly, no cellular immune response was observed in histopathology while immunohistochemistry and nested PCR detected S. calchasi. In contrast, in the late central-nervous phase, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-related cytokines were significantly up-modulated, which correlated with a prominent MHC-II protein expression in areas of mononuclear cell infiltration and necrosis. The mononuclear cell fraction was mainly composed of T-lymphocytes, fewer macrophages and B-lymphocytes. Surprisingly, the severity and composition of the immune cell response appears unrelated to the infectious dose, although the severity and onset of the central nervous signs clearly was dose-dependent. We identified no or only very few tissue cysts by immunohistochemistry in pigeons with severe encephalitis of which one pigeon repeatedly remained negative by PCR despite severe lesions. Taken together, these observations may suggest an immune evasion strategy of S. calchasi during the early phase and a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction as cause of the extensive cerebral lesions during the late neurological phase of disease