12 research outputs found
Electronic institution : an e-contracting platform for virtual organization
Automated tools that assist contract drafting are mostly focused on the representation of contract documents. Multi-agent systems have been ap-plied in the e-business domain, namely for information discovery and contract negotiation. Work on contract monitoring and enforcement is less explored. In this paper we start from these two observations to expose our efforts towards the development of tools that enable the computational representation of con-tracts and furthermore their monitoring and enforcement. We are mostly inter-ested in Virtual Organization settings, where groups of agents representing dif-ferent business entities form consortiums that must be regulated by appropriate norms. We are pursuing the concept of an Electronic Institution as a platform providing a normative environment and a set of e-contracting related services. Within this environment, contracts are represented through norms. We intend to test the applicability of our approach through illustration with case-studies and comparison with other contract representation formalisms
A contract model for electronic institutions
Electronic institutions are software frameworks integrating normative environments where agents interact to create mutual commitments. Contracts are formalizations of business commitments among a group of agents, and comprise a set of applicable norms. An electronic institution acts as a trusted third-party that monitors contract compliance, by integrating in its normative environment the contractual norms, which are applicable to the set of contractual partners. In this paper we present and explore a contract model that facilitates contract establishment by taking advantage of an institutional normative background. Furthermore, the model is flexible enough to enable the expansion of the underlying normative framework, making it applicable to a wide range of contracting situations
Monitoring Multi-Party Contracts for E-Business.
"Monitoring Multi-party Contracts for E-business" investigates the issues involved in the performance of econtract monitoring of business automations in business to business e-commerce environment. A pro-active monitoring contract model and monitoring mechanism have been designed and developed. A new architecture and framework is proposed for pro-active monitorable contracts. This pro-active monitoring contract model is supported by a prototype
Coalition based approach for shop floor agility â a multiagent approach
Dissertation submitted for a PhD degree in Electrical Engineering, speciality of Robotics and Integrated Manufacturing from the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de CiĂȘncias e TecnologiaThis thesis addresses the problem of shop floor agility. In order to cope with the disturbances and uncertainties that characterise the current business scenarios faced by manufacturing companies, the
capability of their shop floors needs to be improved quickly, such that these shop floors may be adapted, changed or become easily modifiable (shop floor reengineering).
One of the critical elements in any shop floor reengineering process is the way the control/supervision architecture is changed or modified to accommodate for the new processes and equipment. This thesis,
therefore, proposes an architecture to support the fast adaptation or changes in the control/supervision architecture. This architecture postulates that manufacturing systems are no more than compositions of
modularised manufacturing components whose interactions when aggregated are governed by
contractual mechanisms that favour configuration over reprogramming.
A multiagent based reference architecture called Coalition Based Approach for Shop floor Agility â CoBASA, was created to support fast adaptation and changes of shop floor control architectures with minimal effort. The coalitions are composed of agentified manufacturing components (modules), whose relationships within the coalitions are governed by contracts that are configured whenever a coalition is established. Creating and changing a coalition do not involve programming effort because it only requires changes to the contract that regulates it
A toolkit for model checking of electronic contracts
PhD ThesisIn the business world, contracts are used to regulate business interactions
between trading parties. In this context, an electronic contracting systems
can be used to monitor businessâtoâbusiness interactions to ensure that
they comply with the rights (permissions), obligations and prohibitions
stipulated in contract clauses. Such an electronic contracting system will
require an executable version of the contract (e-contract) for compliance
checking. It is important to be verify the correctness properties of an e-
contract before deploying it for compliance checking. Model checkers are
widely used for automatic verification of concurrent systems. However,
such tools for e-contracts with means for expressing directly and intu-
itively key concepts that appear recurrently in contracts, such as execu-
tions of business operations, granting (cancellation, suspension, fulfilment,
violation, etc.) of rights, obligations and prohibitions to role players are
not yet available.
This thesis rectifies the situation by developing a high-level e-contract
verification toolkit using the Spin model checker. A formal Contractual
Business-To-Business interaction (CB2B) model based on the concepts of
contract compliance checking developed earlier at Newcastle university
has been constructed. Further, Promela, the input language of the Spin
model checker, has been extended in a manner that enables specification
of contract clauses in terms of contract entities: role players, business
operations, rights, obligations and prohibitions. A given contract can now
be expressed using extended Promela as a set of declarations and a set of
Event-Condition-Action rules. In addition, the designer can specify the
correctness requirements to be verified in Linear-Temporal-Logic directly
in terms of the contract entities. A notable feature is that the CB2B model
automatically checks for contract independent properties: properties that
must hold for all contracts. For example, at run time, a contract should
not simultaneously grant a role player a right to perform an operation
and also prohibit it. Thus, the toolkit hides much of the intricate details
of dealing with Promela processes communicating through channels and
enables a designer to build verifiable abstract models directly in terms of
contract entities.
The usefulness of the toolkit is demonstrated by trying out a number of
contract examples used by researchers working on contract verification.
The thesis also shows how the toolkit can be used for generating test
cases for testing an implemented system
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Paradigm Shift from Vague Legal Contracts to Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts
In this dissertation, we address the problem of vagueness in traditional legal contracts by presenting novel methodologies that aid in the paradigm shift from traditional legal contracts to smart contracts. We discuss key enabling technologies that assist in converting the traditional natural language legal contract, which is full of vague words, phrases, and sentences to the blockchain-based precise smart contract, including metrics evaluation during our conversion experiment. To address the challenge of this contract-transformation process, we propose four novel proof-of-concept approaches that take vagueness and different possible interpretations into significant consideration, where we experiment with popular vendors' existing vague legal contracts. We show through experiments that our proposed methodologies are able to study the degree of vagueness in every interpretation and demonstrate which vendor's translated-smart contract can be more accurate, optimized, and have a lesser degree of vagueness. We also incorporated the method of fuzzy logic inside the blockchain-based smart contract, to successfully model the semantics of linguistic expressions. Our experiments and results show that the smart contract with the higher degrees of truth can be very complex technically but more accurate at the same time. By using fuzzy logic inside a smart contract, it becomes easier to solve the problem of contractual ambiguities as well as expedite the process of claiming compensation when implemented in a blockchain-based smart contract
ICTs in medium-sized farms in developing countries: a case study in Mexico: conventional banana and organic rice cultivation
This research examines how farmers working medium-sized farms in Mexico have adopted and enacted Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and how these ICTs have impacted work practices. The effects of ICTs on farmersâ economic relations are explored from a business process perspective using a framework that combines Transaction Cost (TCT) and Social Embeddedness theories. A single case study in Mexico with two embedded units of analysis from different crop sectors, a cluster of banana producers from Tabasco and an organic rice grower from Campeche, provide an in-depth understanding of the adoption of ICTs and their impact. We examine issues of learning and co-operation, and how ICTs have affected production and distribution and the positioning of farmers in the context of their work practices and economic relations.
The thesis discusses the ICTs used in the business process cycle of farming and their impact on business development and economic exchange. The research elaborates on and confirms the existence of network forms of organisation that operate in the farmersâ communities and analyses their social embeddedness.
The findings show that information technologies bring improvements to the agricultural business process, facilitating not only the collection, collation and analysis of data to support informed decisions, but also innovative farming and business practices through learning and co-operation. We find that ICTs complement and support social relationships, both preexisting (traditional community connections and business links) and novel (virtual contacts and social media) to stimulate business development. The significance of social context is corroborated and should help inform development policy
Le contrÎle d'accÚs des réseaux et grandes infrastructures critiques distribuées
La stabilitĂ© et le dĂ©veloppement des nations dĂ©pendent grandement de leurs Infrastructures Critiques (IC). Vu leur importance, de nombreuses menaces guettent leurs systĂšmes dâinformation - aussi appelĂ©s Infrastructures dâInformation Critiques (IIC) -, parmi elles: les atteintes Ă lâintĂ©gritĂ© de leurs donnĂ©es et processus informatisĂ©s ainsi que les abus pouvant survenir au cours des collaborations avec dâautres parties. LâintĂ©gritĂ© dâune information, qui est sa propriĂ©tĂ© de ne pas ĂȘtre altĂ©rĂ©e, est primordiale pour les IIC puisquâelles manipulent et gĂ©nĂšrent des informations devant nĂ©cessairement ĂȘtre correctes et fiables. Dans un contexte de mondialisation et dâouverture, les IC ne peuvent Ă©voluer sans collaborer avec leur environnement. Toutefois, cela nâest pas sans risques puisque les ressources quâelles engagent peuvent faire lâobjet de corruptions et de sabotages. Tentant de rĂ©duire les risques de corruptions pouvant Ă©maner de lâintĂ©rieur comme de lâextĂ©rieur, nous avons ĆuvrĂ© Ă lâamĂ©lioration du mĂ©canisme de contrĂŽle dâaccĂšs. Incontournable, il vise Ă limiter les actions auxquelles peuvent prĂ©tendre les utilisateurs lĂ©gitimes du systĂšme, conformĂ©ment Ă la politique de sĂ©curitĂ© de lâorganisation. La pertinence et la finesse de cette derniĂšre impacte grandement lâefficacitĂ© du mĂ©canisme. Ainsi, les modĂšles de contrĂŽle dâaccĂšs sont utilisĂ©s pour faciliter lâexpression et lâadministration desdites politiques. OrBAC est un modĂšle riche et dynamique, satisfaisant plusieurs besoins des IIC, en revanche il reste limitĂ© quant Ă la prise en charge de lâintĂ©gritĂ©, aussi bien en contexte localisĂ© que distribuĂ©. Ainsi, nous avons proposĂ© une extension dâOrBAC pour les environnements localisĂ©s, Integrity-OrBAC (I-OrBAC), qui tient compte de contraintes rĂ©elles liĂ©es Ă lâintĂ©gritĂ© pour statuer sur les requĂȘtes dâaccĂšs. I-OrBAC intĂšgre des paramĂštres issus de lâapplication de mĂ©thodes dâanalyse de risques pour reflĂ©ter les besoins des ressources passives et apprĂ©cier, Ă leur juste valeur, les habilitations des sujets. Cela nous a orientĂ©s vers une modĂ©lisation en multi-niveaux dâintĂ©gritĂ© qui favorisera la priorisation des biens sensibles, comme la stipule les programmes de protection des IC. Dans I-OrBAC, les niveaux dâintĂ©gritĂ© servent aussi bien Ă contraindre lâattribution des privilĂšges quâĂ la rendre plus flexible : ces niveaux restreignent les accĂšs pour garantir que seuls les utilisateurs chevronnĂ©s accĂšdent aux ressources sensibles, mais permettent aussi aux sujets de diffĂ©rents rĂŽles de rĂ©aliser une mĂȘme tĂąche, Ă©tant bien sĂ»r assujettis Ă des niveaux seuils diffĂ©rents. Pour rendre I-OrBAC proactif - non limitĂ© Ă statuer uniquement sur les requĂȘtes dâaccĂšs - nous avons proposĂ© un algorithme qui vise Ă dĂ©terminer le sujet le plus adĂ©quat, parmi les rĂŽles prioritaires, pour la rĂ©alisation dâune tĂąche sans attendre que les sujets nâen fassent la requĂȘte. Lâalgorithme est dĂ©crit par un systĂšme dâinfĂ©rence pour faciliter sa comprĂ©hension tout en favorisant la conduite de raisonnements logiques et la dĂ©rivation de conclusions. Nous avons proposĂ© une implĂ©mentation de notre modĂšle dans le cadre dâune Ă©tude de cas tirĂ©e du projet europĂ©en FP7 CRUTIAL relatif aux rĂ©seaux de transport et de distribution dâĂ©lectricitĂ©. Finalement, pour pallier les problĂšmes issus des collaborations, nous avons fait appel aux contrats Ă©lectroniques pour Ă©tendre I-OrBAC aux environnements distribuĂ©s - lâextension Distributed IOrBAC (DI-OrBAC). Ces pactes servent non seulement Ă dĂ©finir le contexte, les clauses ainsi que les activitĂ©s Ă rĂ©aliser mais aussi Ă prĂ©venir lâoccurrence de litiges et Ă les rĂ©soudre. Toutefois, nous avons dĂ» concevoir des mĂ©canismes adaptĂ©s Ă notre modĂšle I-OrBAC pour leur nĂ©gociation et leur application