Too-Much-of-a-Good-Thing Effect of Prosocial Silence and Voice

This study assesses the effects of prosocial silence and voice on organizational citizenship behaviors directed towards individuals under the “Too-Much-of-a-Good-Thing” theory. It is assumed that greater prosocial silence and voice lead to organizational citizenship. However, the theory of too-much-of-a-good-thing suggests that extreme behaviors may perversely have a negative effect raising the possibility that the relationship is curvilinear rather than linear. A similar nonlinear relationship is suggested in this study. Standardized measures of prosocial voice, prosocial silence and organizational citizenship were collected from 381 faculty members from three mid-cycle universities. Regression analyses revealed a significant curvilinear (an inverted U-Shaped) relationship between prosocial voice and organizational citizenship and likewise prosocial silence and organizational citizenship. Too little and, similarly, too much prosocial voice and silence were associated with worse organizational citizenship

Glyphosate: too much of a good thing?

Source at http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00028 Although previously accepted as the less toxic alternative, with low impact on animals, farmers as well as consumers who are exposed to residues in food, glyphosate chemicals are now increasingly controversial as new evidence from research is emerging. We argue that specific aspects of the history, chemistry and safety of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides should be thoroughly considered in present and future re-evaluations of these dominant agrochemicals: • Glyphosate is not a single chemical, it is a family of compounds with different chemical, physical, and toxicological properties. • Glyphosate is increasingly recognized as having more profound toxicological effects than assumed from previous assessments. • Global use of glyphosate is continuously increasing and residues are detected in food, feed, and drinking water. Thus, consumers are increasingly exposed to higher levels of glyphosate residues, and from an increasing number of sources. • Glyphosate regulation is predominantly still based on primary safety-assessment testing in various indicator organisms. However, archive studies indicate fraud and misbehavior committed by the commercial laboratories providing such research. We see emerging evidences from studies in test-animals, ecosystems indicators and studies in human health, which justify stricter regulatory measures. This implies revising glyphosate residue definitions and lowering Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) permissible in biological material intended for food and feed, as well as strengthening environmental criteria such as accepted residue concentrations in surface waters. It seems that although recent research indicates that glyphosates are less harmless than previously assumed and have complex toxicological potential, still regulatory authorities accept industry demands for approving higher levels of these residues in food and feed

Inequality, Too Much of a Good Thing

As the title of this essay suggests, I believe there are both positive and negative effects of inequality. On the positive side, differential rewards provide incentives for individuals to work hard, invest and innovate. On the negative side, differences in rewards that are unrelated to productivity – due to racial discrimination, for example – are corrosive to civil society and cause resources to be misallocated. Even if discrimination did not exist, however, income inequality would be problematic in a democratic society if those who are privileged use their economic muscle to curry favor in the political arena and thereby secure monopoly rents or other advantages. Moreover, for several reasons discussed in the next section, poverty and income inequality create negative externalities. Consequently, it can be in the interest of the wealthy as well as the poor to raise the incomes of the poor, especially by using education and training as a means for redistribution.

Too Much of A Good Thing?

We consider a repeated game, in which due to private information and a lack of flexible transfers, cooperation cannot be sustained efficiently. In each round, the buyer either buys from the seller or takes an outside option. The fluctuating outside option may be public or private information. When the buyer visits, the seller chooses what quality to provide. We find that the buyer initially forgoes mutually beneficial trades before then visiting more often than he would like to, myopically. Under private information, the relationship recurrently undergoes gradual self-reinforcing downturns when trust is broken and instantaneous recoveries when loyalty is shown

Too Much of a Good Thing.

Critical review of exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery, Londo

Canada’s Resource Curse: Too Much of a Good Thing

Canada has been both blessed and cursed by its vast resource wealth. Immense resource riches send the wrong message to the political class that thinking and planning for tomorrow is unnecessary when record high global prices drive economic development at a frenetic pace. Short-termism, the loss of manufacturing competitiveness ('the Dutch disease') and long term rent-seeking behavior from the corporate sector become, by default, the low policy standard. This article contends that Canada is not a simple offshoot ofAnglo-American, hyper-commercial capitalism, but is subject to the recurring dynamics of social Canada and for this reason the Northern market model of capitalism needs its own theoretical articulation. Its distinguishing characteristic is that there is a large and growing role formixed goods and non-negotiable goods in comparison to the United States even when the proactive role of the Canadian state had its wings clipped to a degree that stunned many observers. The article also examines the uncoupling of the Canadian and U.S. economies driven in part by the global resource boom. The downside of the new staples export strategy is that hundreds of thousands of jobs have disappeared fromOntario and Quebec. Ontario, once the rich "have" province of the Confederation, is now a poor cousin eligible for equalization payments. Unlike earlier waves of deindustrialization, there is little prospect for recovering many of these better paying positions. Without a focused government strategy, the future for Canada's factory economy is grim. The final section addresses the dynamics of growing income polarization and its lessons for the future. With a global slowdown or worse on the horizon, Canada's unique combination of mixed goods and orthodox market-based policies is likely to be unsustainable in its current form. For countries with a similar endowment, the Northern model is unexportable.Canadá ha sido tanto bendecida comomaldecida por la vasta riqueza de sus recursos. Tal riqueza envía el mensaje erróneo a la clase política de que pensar y planear para el mañana es innecesario cuando los precios globales, que se han elevado a niveles récord, llevan al desarrollo económico a un ritmo frenético. El hecho de que el sector corporativo considere los asuntos a corto plazo, junto con la pérdida de la competitividad manufacturera (la enfermedad holandesa) y el comportamiento de buscar una rentabilidad a largo plazo se han convertido en el estándar de la política práctica. Este artículo plantea que Canadá no es sólo una rama del capitalismo hípercomercial angloamericano, sino que es el sujeto de las dinámicas recurrentes del Canadá social y, por esta razón, el norteño modelo de mercado capitalista necesita su propia articulación teórica. Su característica particular es que los bienes mixtos y no negociables tienen un importante papel creciente en comparación con Estados Unidos, incluso cuando el rol proactivo del Estado canadiense ha plegado sus alas hasta el grado de asombrar a varios expertos. Este artículo también examina la disparidad de las economías estadunidense y canadiense, ambas arrastradas en parte por el boom de los recursos globales. El aspecto negativo de la nueva estrategia de exportación (the new staples export strategy) es que han desaparecido cientos de trabajos desde Ontario hasta Quebec. En el primer caso, la que alguna vez fue la provinciamás rica de la confederación ahora es el primo pobre elegible para la igualación de pagos (equalization payments). Adiferencia de las olas anteriores de industrialización, en la actual es poca la perspectiva de recuperar una mejor situación de pagos. Sin una estrategia gubernamental enfocada a ello, el futuro de la economía industrial de Canadá resulta sombrío. La sección final del artículo aborda la polarización de las dinámicas de crecimiento del ingreso y sus lecciones para el futuro. Con una desaceleración económica global, o incluso con algo peor en el horizonte, como la combinación económica única de Canadá de bienes mixtos con una política de mercado ortodoxa, el modelo no es sustentable en su forma actual. Para países que tienen una dotación similar de recursos, el modelo del norte no es exportable