The Evolution of a DTN Routing Protocol - PRoPHETv2

Research within Delay- and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN) has evolved into a mature research area. PRoPHET is a routing protocol for DTNs that was developed when DTN research was in its infancy and which has been studied by many. In this paper we investigate how the protocol can evolve to meet new challenges that has been identified through research and practical experience. We propose some minor modifications to the routing metric cal- culations done in PRoPHET which has potential to alleviate some issues and improve the performance of the protocol. Using these modifications, we define an updated version of the protocol called PRoPHETv2. We run simulations to verify the operation of the protocol and compare its performance against the original version of the protocol as well as some other routing protocols. The evalua- tions are done using both traces from an existing DTN deployment and a synthetic mobility model. Since the basic mechanisms of the protocol remain the same, migrating existing implementations to the new version of PRoPHET is possible with limited effort

On the Dynamics of Human Proximity for Data Diffusion in Ad-Hoc Networks

We report on a data-driven investigation aimed at understanding the dynamics of message spreading in a real-world dynamical network of human proximity. We use data collected by means of a proximity-sensing network of wearable sensors that we deployed at three different social gatherings, simultaneously involving several hundred individuals. We simulate a message spreading process over the recorded proximity network, focusing on both the topological and the temporal properties. We show that by using an appropriate technique to deal with the temporal heterogeneity of proximity events, a universal statistical pattern emerges for the delivery times of messages, robust across all the data sets. Our results are useful to set constraints for generic processes of data dissemination, as well as to validate established models of human mobility and proximity that are frequently used to simulate realistic behaviors.Comment: A. Panisson et al., On the dynamics of human proximity for data diffusion in ad-hoc networks, Ad Hoc Netw. (2011

Exploring centrality for message forwarding in opportunistic networks

In opportunistic networks, centrality characterizes a node's capability to act as a communication hub. In this paper, we provide an in-depth study of choosing effective centrality metrics for message forwarding in bandwidth-limited opportunistic networks. Based on this study, we propose a destination-unaware forwarding algorithm that accounts for the popularity of a node and the contact durations between nodes. We evaluate the algorithm on two experimental human mobility traces. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves higher system throughput while maintaining a lower forwarding cost compared with several known destination-unaware forwarding schemes. ©2010 IEEE.published_or_final_versionThe 2010 IEEE Conference on Wireless Communications and Networking (WCNC), Sydney, NSW, Australia, 18-21 April 2010. In Proceedings of the IEEE WCNC, 2010, p. 1-

Temporal networks of face-to-face human interactions

The ever increasing adoption of mobile technologies and ubiquitous services allows to sense human behavior at unprecedented levels of details and scale. Wearable sensors are opening up a new window on human mobility and proximity at the finest resolution of face-to-face proximity. As a consequence, empirical data describing social and behavioral networks are acquiring a longitudinal dimension that brings forth new challenges for analysis and modeling. Here we review recent work on the representation and analysis of temporal networks of face-to-face human proximity, based on large-scale datasets collected in the context of the SocioPatterns collaboration. We show that the raw behavioral data can be studied at various levels of coarse-graining, which turn out to be complementary to one another, with each level exposing different features of the underlying system. We briefly review a generative model of temporal contact networks that reproduces some statistical observables. Then, we shift our focus from surface statistical features to dynamical processes on empirical temporal networks. We discuss how simple dynamical processes can be used as probes to expose important features of the interaction patterns, such as burstiness and causal constraints. We show that simulating dynamical processes on empirical temporal networks can unveil differences between datasets that would otherwise look statistically similar. Moreover, we argue that, due to the temporal heterogeneity of human dynamics, in order to investigate the temporal properties of spreading processes it may be necessary to abandon the notion of wall-clock time in favour of an intrinsic notion of time for each individual node, defined in terms of its activity level. We conclude highlighting several open research questions raised by the nature of the data at hand.Comment: Chapter of the book "Temporal Networks", Springer, 2013. Series: Understanding Complex Systems. Holme, Petter; Saram\"aki, Jari (Eds.

LSSTCS- A Social-Based DTN Routing in Cooperative Vehicular Sensor Networks

As a cooperative information system, vehicles in Vehicular Sensor Networks delivery messages based on collaboration. Due to the high speed of vehicles, the topology of the network is highly dynamic, and the network may be disconnected frequently. So how to transfer large files in such network is worth considering. In case that the encountering nodes which never meet before flood messages blindly to cause tremendous network overhead. We address this challenge by introducing the Encounter Utility Rank Router(EURR) based on social metrics. EURR includes three cases: Utility Replication Strategy, Lifetime Replication Strategy and SocialRank Replication Strategy. The Lifetime Replication is promising complement to Utility Replication. It enhances the delivery ratio by relaying the copy via the remaining lifetime. Considering network overhead, the SocialRank Replication replicates a copy according to the SocialRank when two communicating nodes do not meet before. The routing mechanism explores the utility of history encounter information and social opportunistic forwarding. The results under the scenario show an advantage of the proposed Encounter Utility Rank Router (EURR) over the compared algorithms in terms of delivery ratio, average delivery latency and overhead ratio

Development of delay tolerant network with automatic ad-hoc mode

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is known as a solution to an Internet network where connectivity is an issue. Bytewalla is an existing application which uses smartphone as a physical transport of data between these intermittent networks. However, the application depends solely on infrastructure to establish network connectivity. Because of this, data packets will only be transferred to users and servers through an access point which limits the ability to multi hop instantaneously to nearby user resulting in less reliable data transfer. To overcome this problem, Bytewalla needs a mechanism which enables each user to connect to each other to send and forward data automatically without using an access point. An automated mechanism is proposed for ad hoc connectivity between smart-phones to ensure connectivity with high successful transfer rate. This thesis presents an automated mechanism called Delay Tolerant Network with Automatic Ad hoc (DTN-AAH). In comparison to Bytewalla, DTN-AAH shows shorter delay since nodes are able to cross-connect to other platform (infrastructure/ad hoc) that improves reliability. This thesis also presents simulation studies on DTN-AAH to investigate the performance of the system. A DTN-AAH Network Management Tool was created to ease users to perform DTN related functions such as sending and reading messages without hassle by creating a user-friendly web-based interface

Buffer Management and Hybrid Probability Choice Routing for Packet Delivery in Opportunistic Networks

Due to the features of long connection delays, frequent network partitions, and topology unsteadiness, the design of opportunistic networks faces the challenge of how to effectively deliver data based only on occasional encountering of nodes, where the conventional routing schemes do not work properly. This paper proposes a hybrid probability choice routing protocol with buffer management for opportunistic networks. A delivery probability function is set up based on continuous encounter duration time, which is used for selecting a better node to relay packets. By combining the buffer management utility and the delivery probability, a total utility is used to decide whether the packet should be kept in the buffer or be directly transmitted to the encountering node. Simulation results show that the proposed routing outperforms the existing one in terms of the delivery rate and the average delay

Evaluación y Modelado de Redes Oportunistas

[ES] La disponibilidad y el rendimiento de las actuales tecnologías inalámbricas como WiFi o 4G, pueden tener serios problemas de congestión y propagación, especialmente en espacios muy concurridos, o bien ser inaccesibles en sitios remotos o con baja densidad de personas. La utilización de las Redes Oportunistas en este tipo de escenarios puede ser la solución a estos problemas. Estas redes se basan en la oportunidad de intercambiar mensajes utilizando algún tipo de tecnología de comunicación directa entre dispositivos móviles como son Bluetooth o WiFi. El rendimiento de las Redes Oportunistas depende principalmente de la movilidad de los nodos y los protocolos de enrutamiento utilizados, siendo estos últimos los encargados de decidir como son intercambiados los mensajes cuando un contacto ocurre, intentando encontrar la mejor ruta para que un mensaje alcance su destino. Por otra parte, la eficiencia de la difusión en estas redes está ligada especialmente a la movilidad de los usuarios y al comportamiento humano. Entonces, para el análisis y la evaluación del rendimiento de las Redes Oportunistas es necesario considerar tanto los aspectos técnicos relacionados con los protocolos de encaminamiento, como los aspectos de la movilidad humana. Esta tesis doctoral se centra principalmente en evaluar la diseminación de la información usando redes oportunistas en escenarios urbanos, en los que existen diferentes densidades y tasas de renovación de personas, es decir, con usuarios que puedan entrar y salir del escenario evaluado. Dado que la existencia de este tipo de trazas reales es muy limitada, en esta tesis se plantea la generación de este tipo de trazas de forma sintética. Para ello, mediante el uso de un simulador de movilidad peatonal, se han generado trazas realistas de movilidad con diferentes grados de densidad y tasas de renovación de usuarios con el objeto de evaluar diferentes aspectos de la difusión de mensajes en las Redes Oportunistas. El análisis de las características temporales y espaciales de estas trazas generadas refleja el realismo de los escenarios que se han considerado. Además, los experimentos relativos a la difusión de mensajes realizados con estas trazas, confirman que la tasa de renovación tiene un gran impacto en el rendimiento de los protocolos, lo que es particularmente evidente cuando el tamaño de los mensajes es mayor. Por otra parte, también se ha realizado el estudio, utilizando en este caso trazas reales, de la difusión de información a través de las Redes Oportunistas Vehiculares. Ya que de la misma manera la movilidad de estos vehículos está ligada al comportamiento humano, nos hemos centrado en la diseminación de la información en determinadas horas del día dependiendo del número de vehículos en circulación, debido a que este aspecto tiene un gran impacto en el reenvío de datos. Los resultados de estos experimentos confirman que los dos principales factores que afectan a la difusión de información son el grado de movilidad y el tamaño de mensaje. Aunque es bien sabido que al aumentar la densidad de nodos aumenta la velocidad de difusión, mostramos que, al mantener la densidad de nodos fija, las tasas de renovación más altas hacen que la relación de entrega disminuya. Además, descubrimos que la relación entre el tamaño del mensaje y la duración del contacto también es un factor clave, lo que demuestra que la transmisión de los mensajes grandes puede llevar a un rendimiento general muy bajo. Basándonos en todo lo expuesto anteriormente, se ha propuesto una mejora al protocolo Epidemic, a la que hemos denominado EpidemicX2, que se basa en la fragmentación de los datos a ser enviados con el fin de aprovechar la corta duración de los contactos para aumentar así la posibilidad de su entrega. Este protocolo es particularmente efectivo para la difusión de los mensajes grandes. Los resultados muestran que la tasa de entrega se increment[CA] La disponibilitat i el rendiment de les actuals tecnologies sense fil com WiFi o 4G, poden tindre seriosos problemes de congestió i propagació, especialment en espais molt concorreguts, o bé ser inaccessibles en llocs remots o amb baixa densitat de persones. La utilització de les Xarxes Oportunistes en este tipus d'escenaris pot ser la solució a estos problemes. Estes xarxes es basen en l'oportunitat d'intercanviar missatges utilitzant algun tipus de tecnologia de comunicació directa entre dispositius mòbils com són Bluetooth o WiFi. El rendiment de les Xarxes Oportunistes depén principalment de la mobilitat dels nodes i els protocols d'enrutamiento utilitzats, sent estos últims els encarregats de decidir com són intercanviats els missatges quan un contacte ocorre, intentant trobar la millor ruta perquè un missatge abast el seu destí. D'altra banda, l'eficiència de la difusió en estes xarxes està lligada especialment a la mobilitat dels usuaris i al comportament humà. Llavors, per a l'anàlisi i l'avaluació del rendiment de les Xarxes Oportunistes és necessari considerar tant els aspectes tècnics relacionats amb els protocols d'acarrerament, com els aspectes de la mobilitat humana. Esta tesi doctoral se centra principalment a avaluar la disseminació de la informació usant xarxes oportunistes en escenaris urbans, en els que hi ha diferents densitats i taxes de renovació de persones, és a dir, amb usuaris que puguen entrar i eixir de l'escenari avaluat. Atés que l'existència d'este tipus de traces reals és molt limitada, en esta tesi es planteja la generació d'este tipus de traces de forma sintètica. Per a això, per mitjà de l'ús d'un simulador de mobilitat de vianants, s'han generat traces realistes de mobilitat amb diferents graus de densitat i taxes de renovació d'usuaris amb l'objecte d'avaluar diferents aspectes de la difusió de missatges en les Xarxes Oportunistes. L'anàlisi de les característiques temporals i espacials d'estes traces generades reflectix el realisme dels escenaris que s'han considerat. A més, els experiments relatius a la difusió de missatges realitzats amb estes traces, confirmen que la taxa de renovació té un gran impacte en el rendiment dels protocols, la qual cosa és particularment evident quan la grandària dels missatges és major. D'altra banda, també s'ha realitzat l'estudi, utilitzant en este cas traces reals, de la difusió d'informació a través de les Xarxes Oportunistes Vehiculares. Ja que de la mateixa manera la mobilitat d'estos vehicles està lligada al comportament humà, ens hem centrat en la disseminació de la informació en determinades hores del dia depenent del nombre de vehicles en circulació, pel fet que este aspecte té un gran impacte en el reexpedició de dades. Els resultats d'estos experiments confirmen que els dos principals factors que afecten la difusió d'informació són el grau de mobilitat i la grandària de missatge. Encara que és ben sabut que a l'augmentar la densitat de nodes augmenta la velocitat de difusió, mostrem que, al mantindre la densitat de nodes fixa, les taxes de renovació més altes fan que la relació d'entrega disminuïsca. A més, descobrim que la relació entre la grandària del missatge i la duració del contacte també és un factor clau, la qual cosa demostra que la transmissió dels missatges grans pot portar a un rendiment general molt davall. Basant-nos en tot el que exposa anteriorment, s'ha proposat una millora al protocol Epidemic, a la que hem denominat EpidemicX2, que es basa en la fragmentació de les dades a ser enviats a fi d'aprofitar la curta duració dels contactes per a augmentar així la possibilitat del seu entrega. Este protocol és particularment efectiu per a la difusió dels missatges grans. Els resultats mostren que la taxa d'entrega s'incrementa, el temps mitjana en l'entrega es reduïx, sense un substancial increment en termes de sobrecàrrega.[EN] The availability and performance of current wireless technologies such as WiFi or 4G, can have severe problems of congestion and information diffusion, especially in crowded spaces, or, on the other side, be inaccessible in places with a low density of people. The use of Opportunistic Networks in these types of scenarios can be a solution to these problems. These networks are based on the opportunity to exchange messages using some type of direct communication technology between nearby mobile devices such as Bluetooth or WiFi. The performance of these networks depends mainly on the mobility of the nodes and the routing protocols used. The goal of these protocols is to decide how messages are exchanged when a pair of nodes are in contact, trying to find the best route for a message to reach its destination. The efficiency of the diffusion in these networks is related mainly to the mobility of users and human behaviour. Therefore, for the analysis and evaluation of the performance of the Opportunistic Networks, it is necessary to consider both the technical aspects related to the routing protocols, as well as the aspects of human mobility. This thesis mainly focuses on evaluating the dissemination of information using Opportunistic Networks in urban scenarios, in which there are different densities and renewal rates of people, that is, with users who can enter and leave the evaluated scenario. Given that the existence of this type of real traces is very limited, this thesis proposes the generation of realistic traces. For this, through the use of a pedestrian mobility simulator, realistic traces of mobility have been defined with different degrees of density and renewal rates of users to evaluate different aspects of the Opportunistic Network with this approach. The analysis of the temporal and spatial characteristics of these generated traces reflects the realism of the scenarios that have been considered. The experiments related to the diffusion of messages made with these traces, confirm that the renewal rate has a high impact on the performance of the protocols, which is particularly evident when the message size is longer. Furthermore, considering vehicular scenarios, a study has also been carried out using real traces, following the same methodology to evaluate the dissemination of information. Since in the same way the mobility of these vehicles is linked to human behaviour, we have focused on the dissemination of information at certain times of the day depending on the number of vehicles in circulation, since this aspect has a significant impact on data diffusion. The results of all these experiments show that the diffusion of contents is affected mainly by two factors: degree of mobility and message size. Although it is well known that increasing the density of nodes increases the speed of diffusion, we show that, by maintaining the density of fixed nodes, the higher renewal rates cause the delivery ratio to decrease. In addition, we discovered that the relationship between message size and contact duration is also a key factor, showing that large messages can lead to very reduced overall performance. Based on these results, an improvement to the Epidemic protocol has been proposed, called EpidemicX2, which is based on the fragmentation of the data to be sent in order to take advantage of the short duration of the contacts. This protocol is particularly effective for the dissemination of large messages. The results show that the delivery rate increases, the average time in the delivery is reduced, without a substantial increase in terms of overload.Finalmente, quiero agradecer a la República del Ecuador junto con la “Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación” - SENESCYT, por su programa de apoyo y financiar mis estudios.Chancay Garcia, LJ. (2019). Evaluación y Modelado de Redes Oportunistas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/124339TESI

Hybrid routing in delay tolerant networks

This work addresses the integration of today\\u27s infrastructure-based networks with infrastructure-less networks. The resulting Hybrid Routing System allows for communication over both network types and can help to overcome cost, communication, and overload problems. Mobility aspect resulting from infrastructure-less networks are analyzed and analytical models developed. For development and deployment of the Hybrid Routing System an overlay-based framework is presented