Spatiotemporal patterns of bluff erosion at Goodnews Bay, Alaska

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2017Coastal erosion is of increasing concern to rural Alaskan communities, yet direct measurements remain absent over much of the coast. In southwestern Alaska, the village of Goodnews Bay has been repeatedly devastated by storms and flooding, events that forced the village to relocate to higher ground in the 1920s. Storm surge continues to damage property and infrastructure that is essential to their subsistence culture. This work assesses shoreline change rates at the new village site based on a 59-year time series of aerial and satellite imagery. Long-term and contemporary shoreline retreat rates were analyzed along nearly 500 meters of the village coastline. The majority of the bluff fronting the village experienced a complex history of erosion and mitigation, exhibiting a maximum erosion rate of -0.14 m/y (R2 = 0.82). Bluff erosion has been mitigated via depositing gravel and large rocks after significant storms. The unmitigated bluff just north of the village eroded at -0.10 m/y rate consistently across its length (R2 = 0.92), suggesting that measureable erosion would have also occurred at the village bluff in the absence of mitigation efforts. Projected future bluff top edge positions indicate that the main road system will be significantly eroded in the coming decades, but no buildings are projected to be directly impacted by 2050. Storm surge is the primary driver of erosion in Goodnews Bay, thus the reliability of local storm surge modeling is significant to the community. Historical storm surge and marine total water level estimates were quantified using a combination of GPS data, formal reports, anecdotal accounts, and post-storm imagery. These estimates were compared to the modeled height for the 11/11/2011 storm surge in order to assess accuracy of modeling in this area. Storms that caused significant damage had total water levels between 4.3 and 5.3 m above mean sea level. The upper limit of this estimate came from the large 2011 Bering Sea storm. Evidence for the total water level of previous storms was very limited. It is likely that the 1979 storm, which flooded four homes, reached a similar height. Damage from large storms is expected to become more prevalent with shorter land-fast sea ice seasons in Alaska. A significant portion of this research incorporated community outreach. This included educating youth about coastal science, discussing village history with elders, and installing community-based erosion monitoring sites. Through these efforts, we hope to preserve the traditional knowledge and increase local capacity to adapt to a changing climate

Valuing the welfare effects of air pollution in the Jinchuan mining area

Het hoofddoel van dit proefschrift is de meting van de invloed van luchtvervuiling op welzijn in de Jinchuan mijnstreek, China. De eerste onderzoeksvraag luidt: wat is de relatie tussen kennis van de lokale luchtvervuiling en de perceptie van gezondheidsrisico’s ervan? Bovendien, hoe worden deze beide variabelen beïnvloed door sociale en demografische karakteristieken? Ten tweede, wat zijn de voornaamste determinanten van de wijze waarop de inwoners van Jinchuan zichzelf en hun familieleden beschermen tegen deze gezondheidsrisico’s? En, welke bedragen zijn mensen bereid uit te geven aan het verlagen van de gezondheidsrisico’s? Ten derde, hoe beïnvloedt luchtvervuiling subjectief welzijn oftewel geluk? Het onderzoek laat zien dat kennis van de ernst van de lokale luchtvervuiling een positief effect heeft op de perceptie van gezondheidsrisico’s. Daarnaast spelen sociaalpsychologische karakteristieken, vooral inkomen en opleidingsniveau, een rol. Het onderzoek laat verder zien dat de perceptie van gezondheidsrisico’s mensen aanzet tot risico beperkende maatregelen. De betalingsbereidheid hiervoor kan oplopen tot 3,5% van het gezinsinkomen (voor longkanker). Tenslotte blijkt uit het onderzoek dat vermindering van luchtvervuiling de mate van welzijn (geluk) sterk verhoogt, al hebben verhoging van inkomen en opleidingsniveau een groter effect. Uit het onderzoek volgt dat vermindering van luchtvervuiling een belangrijk lange termijn beleidsdoel is. Daarnaast verdient het aanbeveling dat de lokale overheid dagelijks informatie verschaft over de mate van luchtvervuiling en de wijze waarop men daartegen beschermende maatregelen kan nemen. Tenslotte, dient een veiliger afstand tussen enerzijds woongebieden en anderzijds de locatie van de mijnbouw en aanverwante industriële activiteiten nagestreefd te worden

The impact of the socio-cultural aspects on the built environment with special reference to the Sudan

The physical and spatial variations in response to cultural differences have generally been ignored in the contemporary theories and design of architecture worldwide. It is apparent that the design of the physical environment has departed from its context, and becomes a source of initial problems and disasters.This situation is well manifested in third world countries, where modern technological and economical co-operation, on top of the past colonialism, have escalated the process of architectural westernization.Thus this study is intended to correct the existing situation in the Sudan by turning to the rich Sudanese culture, and understand the Sudanese subtle daily life, needs and expectations through a proper understanding of the Sudanese cultural institutions. The study utilizes three interrelated methods (questionnaire, observational and cultural analysis), to uncover the hidden aspects of the Sudanese culture. The data collected in the survey from a sample of respondents is analysed, in order to understand the Sudanese attitudes towards the existing built environment and to identify their expectations in an ideal built environment that can satisfy their socio-cultural needs.The findings show a general dissatisfaction with the existing residential settings mainly from a planning pattern point of view. Furthermore, the result uncovers the wide gap between the westernized built environment and the indigenous Sudanese one. Finally, the findings show explicitly that designers have to pay attention to variations between distinctive cultures as well as to subcultural variations

Pilot\u27s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, 2016

The Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge provides basic knowledge that is essential for pilots. This handbook introduces pilots to the broad spectrum of knowledge that will be needed as they progress in their pilot training. Except for the Code of Federal Regulations pertinent to civil aviation, most of the knowledge areas applicable to pilot certification are presented. The Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge provides basic knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly, as well as pilots seeking advanced pilot certification. For detailed information on a variety of specialized flight topics, see specific Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) handbooks and Advisory Circulars (ACs). Occasionally the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at www.faa.gov. The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from https://www.faa.gov

Modelling the light competition between crops and weeds

[no abstract

Portland Daily Press: February 26,1880

https://digitalmaine.com/pdp_1880/1045/thumbnail.jp