Economic Consequences of the Peace, Social Consequences of the War

The article presents a debate on John Maynard Keynes' "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" and the social consequences of war. The article presents biographical information pertaining to the economist as published in "John Maynard Keynes, vol. 1, Speranze tradite 1883-1920," written by R. Skidelsky. It then outlines Keynes' beliefs on the viability of the Versailles Treaty and the negative influence that United States president Woodrow Wilson played during the peace conference and discusses the public reaction to Keynes' book.Histor

Defensive Weapons and Star Wars: A Supergame with Optimal Punishments

We model the perspective faced by nuclear powers involved in a supergame where nuclear deterrence is used to stabilise peace. This setting allows us to investigate the bearings of defensive weapons on the effectiveness of deterrence and peace stability, relying on one-shot optimal punishments. We find that the sustainability of peace is unaffected by defensive shields if both countries have them, while a unilateral endowment of such weapons has destabilising consequences.

Some economic consequences of the transition from civil war to peace

Drawing on evidence from Africa - especially Ethiopia and Uganda - the authors of this volume draw conclusions about economic policy in the aftermath of civil war. A sample of conclusions follows. Civil wars differ from international wars. They are informal, often have no clear beginning and end, weaken rather than strengthen the authority of the state, and leave two unreconciled armies to be demobilized within one territory. Civil wars erode the institutions of civil society, leading to a decline in the stock of social capital, which takes some time to restore. Private investment and government revenue are slow to recover, and military expenditures are not easily reduced. As a result, there is little or no peace dividend in the short run. The period of transition to peace is a particularly suitable time for radical policy reform, despite the high degree of polarization typical in countries engaged in civil war. And speedy reform, far from increasing uncertainty, is likely to reduce it. After a civil war, private agents are fearful both of each other and of the government. This, perhaps even more than physical damage to infrastructure, hinders private-sector-led recovery, as irreversible investment is delayed despite being financeable. The transition to peace is primarily the transition from fear and the defensive responses that became ingrained in wartime. The peace dividend comes as a gradual recovery of confidence induces repatriation of financial and human capital. Such confidence can be boosted by the early sequencing of investment-sensitive policy reforms and by preserving low inflation through direct consumer price index targeting. Lack of confidence can be compensated for by temporary undervaluation of the exchange rate, or however, may prove more difficult to make credibly time-bound. Finally, aid can permit accelerated rehabilitation of the infrastructure (especially transport networks) needed to return to a market economy. Contrary to the studies hypothesis, the authors found that demobilization - at least in Uganda - did not lead to a significant upsurge in insecurity. In the short term, demobilization significantly reduced crime, unless the demobilized lacked access to land. If the demobilized returned to their home areas and were given some assistance, with identifiable exceptions they were able to find income-earning opportunities.Debt Markets,Emerging Markets,Economic Theory&Research,,Investment and Investment Climate

Negotiations amidst Violence. Explaining Violence-Induced Crisis in Peace Negotiation Processes

Why do some incidents of violence change the course of peace negotiations? How can peace negotiations be put back on track after a violence-induced crisis? In this report, I argue that dramatic high-profile violence can have a powerful impact on the dynamics of a negotiation process , since it affects two important aspects that decision makers take into consideration when making crucial choices whether and how the negotiations should proceed: the consequences of peace as well as the consequences of continued conflict. On the one hand, violence may increase the fears of settlement, by adding to the mistrust between the parties or by inducing internal political divisions within a party. On the other hand, violence may serve as a reminder of the consequences of continued conflict, thus making the belligerents more determined in their attempts to pursue peace. In addition, the fears of continued conflict can compel the parties to take measures, which will alleviate the fears of peace, by building trust in the wake of violence. The fears of peace can also be reduced if there is certainty of where the process is heading and by the presence of third parties. The argument concerning fears of peace as an explanation to a violence-induced crisis is substantiated in an analysis of six high-profile acts of violence, in three negotiation processes aimed at solving an armed conflict: Guatemala (1991-96), South Africa (1990-94), and Sri Lanka (1994-95). I find that the decision makers' considerations about the consequences of peace, provide part of an explanation to why a negotiation process experience a crisis following a high-profile incidence of violence. In addition, the research indicates that a crisis can be prevented or managed if these fears can be reduced, through confidence-building strategies taken by the parties themselves and third party intervention

The Micro-foundations of Social Contracts, Civil Conflicts and International Peace-Making

This paper explores the micro-foundations of conflict generation and persistence within the traditional greed and grievance non-cooperative set up between a government and a rebel group. We expand the traditional model in various ways. First, we allow for the reaction curves of both parties in non-cooperative games to be substitutes and not inevitably complementary, so a peaceful strategy from a group may be followed by a belligerent upsurge from the other. Second, we also allow for diasporas’ transfers to rebel groups, thus generating a trade-off between the gains associated with peace and war among rebels. Third, we expand external aid in the form of fungible financing of government transfers ‘buying’ peace by allowing for mechanisms that induce behavioural change towards peace in a cooperative model of principal-agent well-intended (Nordic-like) donors. These extensions provide a better understanding of conflict persistence, the consequences of competing international aid and why sub-optimal sanctions provision (‘cheap talk’) by the international community are frequent.Civil war, Social Contract, Aid for Peace

Reviewing John Maynard Keynes: The Economic Consequences of the Peace

The 1919 Treaty of Versailles is one of the most impactful documents in world history. The treaty effectively ended World War I, decimated Germany, and laid the foundation for World War II. In his analysis The Economic Consequences of the Peace, John Maynard Keynes gives a first-hand account of the influence of world leaders President Woodrow Wilson, English Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and the roles they played during the Paris Peace Conference. Keynes explains the treaty from a geopolitical lens, argues against the treaty’s reparations clause, and advocates for alternative solutions. Almost prophetically, Keynes predicted that the brutal toll exacted by the treaty would plunge Europe into another war

Tinjauan Yuridis Perjanjian Perdamaian Dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Perdata

Not always a civil dispute must be resolved through litigation in court. Efforts to settle a legal case can be done by means of peace. Basically, in a civil case proceedings, the first thing done by a panel of judges is to reconcile both parties litigant. Because peace itself basically had to end the case. Based on the existence of peace between the two sides that the judge will make a decision in the form of a deed of peace. This study uses normative juridical approach, which is descriptive. Using these types of primary and secondary data. Data collection technique is done by through the study of literature, documentation, questionnaires and interviews. By using qualitative data analysis. It was concluded that that about legal consequences arising from their decision / deed of peace and binding as described above is in conformity with the provisions stipulated in the Regulation Legislation in force, ie in accordance with Article 130 paragraph (2) and Article 195 paragraph HIR (1) HIR. The legal consequences of the decision / deed peace is agreed and signed certificate from the then prevailing peace as the Law for the parties who made it, the parties should be required to fulfill and comply with the contents of the peace agreement set out in the peace deed. Deed of peace and binding have executorial strength. And a decision / deed of peace that has been agreed upon and signed by the parties to the dispute can not be filed an appeal. It is, as has been in accordance with the provisions set forth in Article 130 paragraph (3) HIR, which states that "Against such a decision can not be appeale

Defensive Weapons and Star Wars: A Supergame with Optimal Punishments

We model the perspective faced by nuclear powers involved in a supergame where nuclear deterrence is used to stabilise peace. This setting allows us to investigate the bearings of defensive weapons on the effectiveness of deterrence and peace stability, relying on one-shot optimal punishments. We find that the sustainability of peace is unaffected by defensive shields if both countries have them, while a unilateral endowment of such weapons has destabilising consequences

THE ROLE OF THE LIBRARY IN PROMOTING PEACE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA

Abstract The need for peace in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized as the country has been suffering from the consequences of various degrees of conflict at various times in our history as a nation. Peace education initiative is seen as a welcomed development in both peacebuilding and maintenance. This paper, therefore, intends to discuss the roles of libraries towards promoting peace education in Nigeria. This paper reviewed literature on library, peace, and peace education, it also discussed the types and contents of peace education and then discussed the roles libraries should play in promoting peace education which includes support for education, provision of access to information, teaching of information literacy and study skills, outreach programmes (organizing seminars, talks, road shows, exhibitions etc,). The paper also looked at some challenges which also include poor funding, high illiteracy rate and poor reading culture. The value of this paper is in its identification and discussion of the views and position on the concepts of library, peace and peace education and a breakdown of the types and content of peace education. The paper is expected to aid those in the quest for knowledge and help create synergy between peace scholars and libraries and librarians

International education for peace in higher education : promoting cultures of peace in Japan

The kernel of international education is to create peace-loving citizens capable of participating in building a peaceful and sustainable society. Integrated and systematic education for peace can achieve a shared culture of peace. In the new millennium, as the world has become increasingly interdependent and interactive, peace education seeks to harness the power and intellect of future generations in the hope of building a sustainable culture of peace together. International education for peace is largely responsible for saving subsequent generations from the scourge of war. Influenced by the consequences of positive and negative globalization, peace education for university students is highly significant. It allows them to commit themselves to building a sustainable and peaceful community. It is clear that their experiential and received knowledge they have acquired through peace education will sow the seeds of a culture of peace for future generations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the significance of peace education for university students as part of international education. Firstly, it will ask a question of "Japan, a nation at risk, as a peace-loving global partner". Then, it will redefine peace and violence by explaining the history of and the prospects for peace education. Next, it will present the framework for international education for peace, followed by the knowledge, necessary skills and attitudes to promote cultures of peace. Finally, it will discuss the necessity of global literacy as can be gained from peace education. International education for peace is an invitation to be challenged and enlightened and all students and teachers aspiring for peace are invited