Transition of Governance in a Mature Open Software Source Community: Evidence from the Debian Case

As flourishing, productive open source software (OSS) communities mature, they have to introduce a variety of governance mechanisms to manage the participation of their members and to coordinate the launch of new releases. In contrast to other modes of governance of OSS communities, the Debian community introduced new mechanisms of informal administrative control based on a constitution, elected leaders and new functions attributed to interactive communication channels (like mailing lists or IRC channels) that can provide for community effects (and feedback). We show that these control mechanisms were introduced as a response to emerging innovative opportunities due the usage of source packages and heterogeneous learning processes by different groups within the Debian community.Open Source Software community, Governance Mechanism, Debian Community

Transition of governance in a mature open software source community: evidence from the Debian case

As open source software (OSS) communities mature, they have to introduce a variety of governance mechanisms to manage the participation of their members and to coordinate the launch of new releases. The Debian community introduced new mechanisms of informal administrative control based on a constitution, elected leaders, and used interactive communication channels. We show that these control mechanisms were introduced as a response to emerging innovative opportunities due to the usage of source packages and to the need to build a responsive organization within the Debian OSS community

Annual Report of the University, 1992-1993, Volumes 1-4

SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS Preparation, approval by President Peck, delivery to NMCHE of UNM\u27s response to House Memorials 38 and 25 (on minorities and women). Development and packaging of a presentation on minorities at UNM to Hispanic community people and organizations. Renewal of faculty instructional workload report and other information for use by President Peck and others in the President\u27s Council in testimony to the legislature on accountability by faculty. Significant workload and contributions to WICHE\u27s Diversity Project: - responses to long questionnaire - projected demographics - substitution for O. Forbes on planning for diversity Reprogramming of obsolete computer program of the University of Southern California\u27s Faculty Planning Model. Work remains incomplete. Support and staff work for University Planning Council, Faculty Senate Long Range Planning Committee, Senate President, Senate Budget Committee, Student Learning Outcomes Assessment Committee, Admissions and Registration Committee, Staff Council; Graduate Petition and grade Review Subcommittee Service to NMCHE\u27s Outcomes Assessment Advisory Group; NMCHE\u27s review group on diversity plans Service on Albuquerque Business/Education Compact Conducted several special data analyses to provide user outcome information for the Center for Academic Program Support (CAPS). Wrote reports to summarize analyses. Served in an advisory capacity to VP Zuniga Forbes for the two surveys (Campus Climate for Diversity, ACT Student Opinion Survey) and helped to draw the sample for the ACT survey. Conducted secondary analyses and prepared report of all analyses of the Freshman Survey (CIRP) for VP Zuniga Forbes. Gave presentation of CIRP findings to the Regents Subcommittee on Student Affairs. Conducted secondary analyses and prepared report of all analyses of the Campus Climate for Diversity Survey for VP Zuniga Forbes

Low-Resource Unsupervised NMT:Diagnosing the Problem and Providing a Linguistically Motivated Solution

Unsupervised Machine Translation hasbeen advancing our ability to translatewithout parallel data, but state-of-the-artmethods assume an abundance of mono-lingual data. This paper investigates thescenario where monolingual data is lim-ited as well, finding that current unsuper-vised methods suffer in performance un-der this stricter setting. We find that theperformance loss originates from the poorquality of the pretrained monolingual em-beddings, and we propose using linguis-tic information in the embedding train-ing scheme. To support this, we look attwo linguistic features that may help im-prove alignment quality: dependency in-formation and sub-word information. Us-ing dependency-based embeddings resultsin a complementary word representationwhich offers a boost in performance ofaround 1.5 BLEU points compared to stan-dardWORD2VECwhen monolingual datais limited to 1 million sentences per lan-guage. We also find that the inclusion ofsub-word information is crucial to improv-ing the quality of the embedding

The role of revision in english-spanish software localization

La tasca principal d'aquest projecte d'investigació empírica és explorar el procés de revisió en la traducció de la interfície de tres pogramas de programari desenvolupats per Siemens PLM Software Inc Centrarem la nostra atenció especialment en el paper dels revisors locals de l'idioma espanyol com una de els actors principals de les versions localitzades. L'equip format per traductors de plantilla i de revisors locals s'ha convertit en un tema d'interès per als investigadors, els professors de llengua i els professionals de la traducció. La revisió de la traducció és cada vegada més rellevant en l'ambient de la localització de programari. Les principals preguntes de recerca en aquest projecte són: La versió en espanyol és una fidel traducció del text escrit en anglès? Per què alguns clients mexicans prefereixen utilitzar les aplicacions de programari en idioma anglès? Per avaluar si la traducció i la funcionalitat de la interfície de les tres aplicacions eren apropiades, es va realitzar una extensa anàlisi lingüístic de seixanta segments de text extrets de les tres aplicacions traduïdes i revisades per traductors interns i revisors locals, respectivament. En segon lloc, un selecte grup de clients i usuaris de parla hispana de les aplicacions de Siemens completi un qüestionari d'avaluació electrònica. I per entendre millor les preferències d'idioma dels clients mexicans, es va realitzar una anàlisi lingüístic d'una sèrie d'informes de problemes presentats pels usuaris de les aplicacions durant sis mesos. L'anàlisi de les dades indica que els errors de traducció i el llenguatge es van corregir durant l'etapa de revisió. Les proves dels instruments de l'enquesta suggereix que la versió localitzada de la interfície d'usuari es llegeix amb fluïdesa i naturalitat. No obstant això, es va trobar que la principal diferència estadística entre la font i el text de destinació en el nombre dels errors funcionals. Per aquesta raó, alguns usuaris de parla hispana en realitat canviar a la versió en anglès dels productes de programari. I, finalment, l'evidència dels informes de problemes suggereix que el nombre d'Informe de problemes és baix durant el període de temps determinat i que no hi ha cap crítica per qüestions funcionals.La tarea principal de este proyecto de investigación empírica es explorar el proceso de revisión en la traducción de la interfaz de tres pogramas de software desarrollados por Siemens PLM Software Inc. Centraremos nuestra atención en el papel de los revisores locales del idioma español como una de los actores principales de las versiones localizadas. El equipo formado por traductores de plantilla y de revisores locales se ha convertido en un tema de interés para los investigadores, los profesores de idioma y los profesionales de la traducción. La revisión de la traducción es cada vez más relevante en el ambiente de la localización de software. Las principales preguntas de investigación: ¿La versión en español es una fiel traducción del texto escrito en inglés? ¿Por qué algunos clientes mexicanos prefieren utilizar las aplicaciones de software en idioma inglés? Para evaluar si la traducción y la funcionalidad de la interfaz de las tres aplicaciones eran apropiadas, se realizó un extenso análisis linguístico de sesenta segmentos de texto extraídos de las tres aplicaciones traducidas y revisadas por traductores internos y revisores locales, respectivamente. En segundo lugar, un selecto grupo de clientes y usuarios de habla hispana de las aplicaciones completó un cuestionario electrónico. Y se realizó un análisis linguístico de una serie de informes de problemas presentados por los usuarios de las aplicaciones durante seis meses. El análisis demuestra que los errores de traducción y el lenguaje se corrigieron durante la etapa de revisión. Los resultados de la encuesta sugieren que la versión localizada de la interfaz se lee fluida y naturalmente. Sin embargo, se determinó que la principal diferencia estadística entre el texto de partida y el texto de llegada es el número de errores funcionales. Por esta razón, algunos usuarios de habla hispana prefieren utilizar la versión en inglés de los productos de software. Y, finalmente, el análisis de los informes de problemas linguísticos indica que el número fue bajo durante el periodo de tiempo determinado y que no hubo ninguna crítica por cuestiones funcionales.The main task of this empirical research project is to explore the Spanish translation revision/review process of three software solutions developed by Siemens PLM Software Inc. We will focus our attention especially on the role of Spanish in-country reviewers or revisers as one of the main agents for localized output. The in-house translator and in-country reviewer team is emerging as a concept of interest to researchers, l and translation practitioners. Translation revision efforts are becoming increasingly more relevant in a software localization scenario. The main research questions in this project are: Does the Spanish version communicate what the English does? Why do some Mexican customers prefer to use the English-language software applications? To evaluate the language appropriateness and functionality of the user interface of the PLM software products in the Spanish-localized versions, we conducted a detailed language evaluation of sixty UI segments translated and revised by in-house translators and in-country reviewers respectively. The data analysis indicates that translation and language errors were corrected during the revision stage. Furthermore, an electronic assessment questionnaire was completed by a select group of Siemens PLM software Spanish-speaking customers. The evidence from the survey instruments suggests that the localized version of the user interface reads fluently and naturally. However, the main statistical difference between the source and the target text was found in the number of functional errors. For this reason, some Spanish-speaking end-users actually switch to the English version of the software solutions. And finally, to further understand the Mexican customers’ language preference, we collected and analyzed a number of problem reports submitted by our application users during a six-month period. The evidence from the problem reports suggests that the number of PRs is low for that particular time frame and that there is no indication of any functional issues. The research findings should have important implications for the practice of software translation revision and for raising awareness that localization is a team effort involving more players than just translators and revisers

Electronic Literature as Digital Humanities

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. Electronic Literature as Digital Humanities: Contexts, Forms & Practices is a volume of essays that provides a detailed account of born-digital literature by artists and scholars who have contributed to its birth and evolution. Rather than offering a prescriptive definition of electronic literature, this book takes an ontological approach through descriptive exploration, treating electronic literature from the perspective of the digital humanities (DH)––that is, as an area of scholarship and practice that exists at the juncture between the literary and the algorithmic. The domain of DH is typically segmented into the two seemingly disparate strands of criticism and building, with scholars either studying the synthesis between cultural expression and screens or the use of technology to make artifacts in themselves. This book regards electronic literature as fundamentally DH in that it synthesizes these two constituents. Electronic Literature as Digital Humanities provides a context for the development of the field, informed by the forms and practices that have emerged throughout the DH moment, and finally, offers resources for others interested in learning more about electronic literature

Annual Report of the University, 1999-2000, Volumes 1-4

The Robert O. Anderson School and Graduate School of Management at The University of New Mexico Period of Report: July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000 Submitted by Howard L. Smith, Dean The Anderson Schools of Management is divided into four distinct divisions- the Department of Accounting; the Department of Finance, International and Technology Management; the Department of Marketing, Information and Decision Sciences; and the Department of Organizational Studies. This structure provides an opportunity for The Anderson Schools to develop four distinct areas of excellence, proven by results reported here. I. Significant Developments During the Academic Year The Anderson Schools of Management • As a result of the multi-year gift from the Ford Motor Company, completed renovation of The Schools\u27 Advisement and Placement Center, as well as all student organization offices. • The Ford gift also provided for $100,000 to support faculty research, case studies and course development. • The Schools revised the MBA curriculum to meet the changing needs of professional, advanced business education. • The Schools updated computer laboratory facilities, with the addition of a 45-unit cluster for teaching and student work. • The faculty and staff of The Schools furthered outreach in economic development activities by participating directly as committee members and leaders in the cluster workgroups of the Next Generation Economy Initiative. • The faculty, staff and students of The Schools contributed to the development of the Ethics in Business Awards; particularly exciting was the fact that all nominee packages were developed by student teams from The Anderson Schools. • The Schools continue to generate more credit hours per faculty member than any other division of the UNM community. The Accounting Department • Preparation and presentation of a progress report to accrediting body, the AACSB. The Department of Finance, International and Technology Management • The Department continued to focus on expansion of the Management of Technology program as a strategic strength of The Schools. The Department of Marketing. Information and Decision Sciences • Generated 9022 credit hours, with a student enrollment of 3070. The Department of Organizational Studies • Coordinated the 9th UNM Universidad de Guanajuato (UG) Mexico Student Exchange