The US as global attorney

The author considers ways in which, since the end of the Cold War era, the USA has assumed the often conflicting roles of global sheriff and global attorney – with increasing tension between their competing interests. Article by Gregory J. Wallace (partner, Kaye Scholer Fierman Hays & Handler LLP) published in Amicus Curiae - Journal of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies and its Society for Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London

Parent and Student Voices on the First Year of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program

In the 50 years since economist Milton Friedman published “The Role of Government in Education” scholars and policy makers have been debating how parental choice through market mechanisms can and does operate in education. Market “optimists” argue that education is a service that can be produced under a variety of arrangements and that parents are natural education consumers. Market “pessimists” argue that education is a public good that should be produced in government-run schools, and that school choice programs suffer “market failure” because only advantaged families will have the resources and experience to choose effectively

Foundations of Session Types and Behavioural Contracts

International audienceBehavioural type systems, usually associated to concurrent or distributed computations, encompass concepts such as interfaces, communication protocols, and contracts, in addition to the traditional input/output operations. The behavioural type of a software component specifies its expected patterns of interaction using expressive type languages, so that types can be used to determine automatically whether the component interacts correctly with other components. Two related important notions of behavioural types are those of session types and behavioural contracts. This paper surveys the main accomplishments of the last twenty years within these two approaches

Unmanageable Tourism Destination Brands?

Increasingly researchers and practitioners adopt branding to build and manage tourism destination images. However, we have yet to ask the question: Is it pos-sible to build and/or manage destination brands? This crucial question is ad-dressed by means of: (1) recourse to the origins of branding; (2) explication of fundamental differences between such origins and destinations; and (3) e-xemplification by means of resident-tourist interactions. The answer offered by this paper is that destination brands may not be manageable at all – or at least, that destination brands are so different from consumer brands that we have to accept that specific elements of destination brands are unmanageable to an ex-tent that questions much of the taken-for-granted ”destination brand-ing”knowledge. Consequently, the paper discusses what branding/brand man-agement can(not) do for destination image building and management.Branding, destination image, resident-tourist interaction

Using Pi-Calculus Names as Locks

Locks are a classic data structure for concurrent programming. We introduce a type system to ensure that names of the asynchronous pi-calculus are used as locks. Our calculus also features a construct to deallocate a lock once we know that it will never be acquired again. Typability guarantees two properties: deadlock-freedom, that is, no acquire operation on a lock waits forever; and leak-freedom, that is, all locks are eventually deallocated. We leverage the simplicity of our typing discipline to study the induced typed behavioural equivalence. After defining barbed equivalence, we introduce a sound labelled bisimulation, which makes it possible to establish equivalence between programs that manipulate and deallocate locks.Comment: In Proceedings EXPRESS/SOS2023, arXiv:2309.0578

Linearity, Persistence and Testing Semantics in the Asynchronous Pi-Calculus

International audienceIn [CSVV06] the authors studied the expressiveness of persistence in the asynchronous pi calculus (Api) wrt weak barbed congruence. The study is incomplete because it ignores the issue of divergence. In this paper we present an expressiveness study of persistence in the asynchronous pi-calculus (Api) wrt DeNicola and Hennesy's testing scenario which is sensitive to divergence. We consider Api and theree sub-languages of it, each capturing one source of persistence: the persistent-input calculus (PIApi), the persistent-output calculus (POApi) and persistent calculus (PApi). In [CSVV06] the authors showed encodings from Api into semipersistent calculi are correct wrt weak barbed congruence. In this paper we prove that, under some general conditions, there cannot be an encoding from Api into a (semi)-persistent calculus preserving the must testing semantics. [CSVV06 ] C. Palamidessi, V. Saraswat, F. Valencia and B. Victor. On the Expressiveness of Linearity vs Persistence in the Asynchronous Pi Calculus. LICS 2006:59-68,2006

Conceptualizing the EU model of governance in world politics

While the field of EU studies has generated a rich theoretical literature, the usefulness of analyses of the EU for broader processes of regional governance has been questioned. At the same time much recent scholarship on the EU has examined the Union’s external relations as opposed to its internal governance. At stake in both of these debates are questions about the nature of the EU, what it represents and how it should be conceptualised. By examining the conceptual literatures on EU ‘actorness’, the governance of EU external relations and policy and academic discourses of comparative regional integration, this paper argues that approaches informed by broadly constructivist insights carry significant promise and can help to answer questions about the EU’s role in world politics that perplex both the policy and the academic imaginations

Experiencing humour: A critical care phenomenon

Humour, whilst frequently occurring within the Critical Care environment, has been traditionally viewed as both macabre and in poor taste. However, for the Registered Nurse working in this setting, humour plays a vital role in the day to day functioning at the unit level, and is identified as an important component in the development of interpersonal relationships between both co-workers and clients. Therefore, by describing this experience, the thesis seeks to elucidate this concept of humour and the experience of this phenomenon for the Registered Nurse working within the Critical Care environment. On reviewing the literature it becomes evident that humour is identified as conducive to both the physical and psychological wellbeing of an individual. In many ways, humour provides positive benefits in times of stress, as well as in the event of personal disillusionment and crises. Humour's role in one's daily life, as well as the recognised paucity of literature concerning the topic of humour in the area of Critical Care, and the Critical Care Unit's bent toward jocularity and play then lends itself to further exploration of this fascinating topic. Therefore, it is from this foundation that the impetus for this research thesis emerges. The research study engages Husserlian phenomenology (Kersten, 1982) as the methodology for the explication of the meaning of humour as experienced by the Registered Nurse working within the Critical Care environment. Colaizzi's (1978) method for data analysis is employed to explicate the formulated meanings which evolve from the data. As an adjunct to this, aspects of both Bergum (1994) and Wolcott's (1990, 1994) notion of narrative storytelling of critical events, and the importance of this concept within data collection and analysis, have been incorporated within the work. Six themes emerging from the data focus on humour as it is experienced for the participants within the study. The first of these themes identifies humour in response to the culture of the environment and is evidenced by the group's socialisation, supportive relationship and role referencing through the use of jocularity and play. The second theme emerges through the consistent use of humour in response to the event of cardiac arrests and death or dying. Registered Nurses make constant reference to the use of humour at these times as a coping mechanism, to relieve tension and support co-workers during stressful situations. In conjunction with these two themes, the four remaining themes relate to the use of humour. Firstly is the use of humour in response to the receptiveness of other individuals. The timing and nature of humorous interplay has been described as dependent on the feedback from the recipient. Co-workers and clients alike are often tested informally as to their response when mirth is employed and the nurse gauges this response as a trigger for future interactions. Furthermore, the use of humour as a method for communication is identified as a theme emerging from the data. Participants cite this strategy as an aid in the development of co-worker and client relationships. Communicating through humour enables life experiences to be better understood, bringing a humanness to the relationship that builds rapport and provides the basis for shared understanding between individuals. The data also outline the use of humour as a means for cheering co-workers and clients. The essence of this theme consistently weaves a path through much of the research study. Finally, the very nature of nursing practice undertaken during the nurse's daily working life within the Critical Care Unit sets the scene for episodes of jocularity and wit. Care of the client involves the development of personal relationships whereby the nurse may perform the most intimate tasks for that individual. This milieu gives rise to the generation of humorous play that may place the client at ease during stressful and embarrassing times. Whilst the participants' data have been analysed for the development of each theme, the thesis has then returned to the current literature for discussion. From this discussion, the implications for future nursing practice and the subsequent questions for future research have been outlined. This then paves the way for further research into the area of humour within the Critical Care environment, and indeed other settings. In conclusion, it would appear that the essence of humour as it is experienced for the Registered Nurse working within the Critical Care environment, whilst informally acknowledged, has not been well understood or explicated within the literature. Therefore, this thesis seeks to illuminate this for the reader by describing the experience of humour for the Registered Nurse working within the Critical Care Unit