Encapsulation and Aggregation

A notion of object ownership is introduced as a solution to difficult problems of specifying and reasoning about complex linked structures and of modeling aggregates (composit objects). Syntax and semantics are provided for extending Eiffel with language support for object ownership annotation and checking. The ideas also apply to other OOPLs such as C++

Islam and the Provisions of War

This article compares the provisions of war in Islam with the provisions contained in International Humanitarian Law (The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols). The aim is not to judge Islamic according to or vice versa, but rather, to discover similarities and differences between the two regulations in governing the conduct of war. The study uses a comparative approach, exploring the Islamic values of ethics and rules of conduct of war and then comparing them with similar provisions of International humanitarian law. This article also analyzes the possibility of synthesizing the two legal system. Having reviewed the topic thoroughly, this study concludes that, in principle, there is no difference between Islamic law and International humanitarian law in regulating procedures and ethics of warfare. Both of the legal system are equallyconcern to regulate the behaviour of warriors by limiting the use of force and minimizing the impact of the battles to civilian

A type system for components

In modern distributed systems, dynamic reconfiguration, i.e., changing at runtime the communication pattern of a program, is chal- lenging. Generally, it is difficult to guarantee that such modifications will not disrupt ongoing computations. In a previous paper, a solution to this problem was proposed by extending the object-oriented language ABS with a component model allowing the programmer to: i) perform up- dates on objects by means of communication ports and their rebinding; and ii) precisely specify when such updates can safely occur in an object by means of critical sections. However, improper rebind operations could still occur and lead to runtime errors. The present paper introduces a type system for this component model that extends the ABS type system with the notion of ports and a precise analysis that statically enforces that no object will attempt illegal rebinding

Latte: Lightweight Aliasing Tracking for Java

Many existing systems track aliasing and uniqueness, each with their own trade-off between expressiveness and developer effort. We propose Latte, a new approach that aims to minimize both the amount of annotations and the complexity of invariants necessary for reasoning about aliasing in an object-oriented language with mutation. Our approach only requires annotations for parameters and fields, while annotations for local variables are inferred. Furthermore, it relaxes uniqueness to allow aliasing among local variables, as long as this aliasing can be precisely determined. This enables support for destructive reads without changes to the language or its run-time semantics. Despite this simplicity, we show how this design can still be used for tracking uniqueness and aliasing in a local sequential setting, with practical applications, such as modeling a stack

Islam and the Provisions of War

This article compares the provisions of war in Islam with the provisions contained in International Humanitarian Law (The four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols). The aim is not to judge Islamic according to or vice versa, but rather, to discover similarities and differences between the two regulations in governing the conduct of war. The study uses a comparative approach, exploring the Islamic values of ethics and rules of conduct of war and then comparing them with similar provisions of international humanitarian law. This article also analyzes the possibility of synthesizing the two legal system. Having reviewed the topic thoroughly, this study concludes that, in principle, there is no difference between Islamic law and international humanitarian law in regulating procedures and ethics of warfare. Both of the legal system are equallyconcern to regulate the behaviour of warriors by limiting the use of force and minimizing the impact of the battles to civilian