Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation

"This report presents the criteria and recommended standard based thereon which were prepared to meet the need for preventing impairment of health from occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The standard proposed is based on the results of numerous investigations of the effects of ultraviolet energy on skin and eyes, and is based on the eye as the most sensitive organ, so that protection of the eyes should result in a significant safety factor for the skin. Prevention of the acute effects of ultraviolet radiation on skin and eyes should provide protection from chronic effects such as cataracts or skin cancer. Because of the present difficulties in measurement of broadband ultraviolet energy pointed out in this document, evaluation for compliance is based on three different approaches: (1) utilization of available instrumentation whereever applicable with recognition of instrument shortcomings; (2) utilization of data on energy output from a specific source, such as lamps; and (3) utilization of the work practices when suitable instrumentation or energy output data are not available." - NIOSHTIC-2Franklin Institute Research Laboratories developed the basic information for consideratino by NIOSH staff and consultants under contract no. HSM-049-71-36.NIOSHTIC no. 00017849CurrentPublic Health Preparedness and ResponseEnvironmental HealthHSM-049-71-3

The impacts of optical radiation in the environment on skin: Hazards, measurement, regulation and protection

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.From 2001 to 2005, work was conducted at the Photobiology Unit at Ninewells Hospital in Dundee to examine the optical radiation environment and its implications for normal and diseased skin. Artificial sources of radiation were considered within the contexts of the hazards posed, measurement of the hazards, regulation concerning exposure and sources, and protection of abnormal skin from adversee ffects. The hazards posed by both ultraviolet (UV) and visible polychromatic sources were examined for normal and abnormal (chronic actinic dermatitis and solar urticaria) skin in an effort to predict the responses to such radiation. With current methodologiesi t was shown that responsesto polychromatic light cannot be forecast for normal and abnormal skin. Those hazards posed by light sources in the commercial sector are also considered. The sunbeds available in Perthshire and Dundee were evaluated spectroradiometrically and appropriate weighting functions applied. A case of adverse effects due to inappropriate use of an UV source is also presented and the implications are discussed. Two diode array spectroradiometers were evaluated for their potential as instruments to measure UV sources. It was shown that one instrument could be used to give measurementsw ith acceptablee rrors. However, later work with a different instrument of the same series showed that there are manufacturing issues to be resolved before these instruments are marketed for widespread use in dosimetry. Regulations governing exposure to and use of sources are considered where appropriate. Licensing of commercial sunbed parlours is suggested in order to enforce Health and Safety guidelines and the British Standard for such appliances, create a baseline for minimum standards of care within the commercial sector and safeguard public health. Lastly, it has been shown that skin sensitive to visible light can be protected with commercial makeup preparations.Funding was obtained from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and the Photobiology Unit of the University of Dundee

The impacts of optical radiation in the environment on skin : hazards, measurement, regulation and protection

From 2001 to 2005, work was conducted at the Photobiology Unit at Ninewells Hospital in Dundee to examine the optical radiation environment and its implications for normal and diseased skin. Artificial sources of radiation were considered within the contexts of the hazards posed, measurement of the hazards, regulation concerning exposure and sources, and protection of abnormal skin from adversee ffects. The hazards posed by both ultraviolet (UV) and visible polychromatic sources were examined for normal and abnormal (chronic actinic dermatitis and solar urticaria) skin in an effort to predict the responses to such radiation. With current methodologiesi t was shown that responsesto polychromatic light cannot be forecast for normal and abnormal skin. Those hazards posed by light sources in the commercial sector are also considered. The sunbeds available in Perthshire and Dundee were evaluated spectroradiometrically and appropriate weighting functions applied. A case of adverse effects due to inappropriate use of an UV source is also presented and the implications are discussed. Two diode array spectroradiometers were evaluated for their potential as instruments to measure UV sources. It was shown that one instrument could be used to give measurementsw ith acceptablee rrors. However, later work with a different instrument of the same series showed that there are manufacturing issues to be resolved before these instruments are marketed for widespread use in dosimetry. Regulations governing exposure to and use of sources are considered where appropriate. Licensing of commercial sunbed parlours is suggested in order to enforce Health and Safety guidelines and the British Standard for such appliances, create a baseline for minimum standards of care within the commercial sector and safeguard public health. Lastly, it has been shown that skin sensitive to visible light can be protected with commercial makeup preparations.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceEngineering and Physical Sciences Research CouncilNational Physical Laboratory (NPL)Photobiology Unit of the University of DundeeGBUnited Kingdo

Occupational diseases: a guide to their recognition

Revised edition."Occupational diseases are discussed in terms of occupational health hazards. The purpose of the text is to make available information needed for timely recognition of symptoms of occupational diseases. The text covers routes of entry and modes of action, biological hazards, dermatoses, diseases of the airways, plant and wood hazards, chemical hazards, chemical carcinogens, pesticides, and such physical hazards as radiation, atmospheric variations, and oscillatory vibrations. Sources of consultation and references are included." - NIOSHTIC-2Edition for 1964 by the Institute under its earlier name, Division of Occupational Health.editors, Marcus M. Key ... [et al.] manuscript editor, Lorice Ede.Includes index.Bibliography: p. 534-556

Beyond the Visible : a handbook of best practice in plant UV photobiology

COST action FA0906 ‘UV4growth

Beyond the Visible : A handbook of best practice in plant UV photobiology

Beyond the Visible: A handbook of best practice in plant UV photobiology presents methods for research on the responses of plants to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The knowledge needed to make informed decisions about manipulation and quantification of UV radiation is summarized. Practical recommendations for obtaining reliable and relevant data and interpretations are given. The handbook covers research both on terrestrial and aquatic plants and it deals with experimentation on ecological, eco-physiological and physiological questions. The handbook includes 115 figures, mostly in colour, 19 tables and 12 text boxes. It is the result of the activities of COST action FA0906 "UV4growth", and it includes contributions by 17 authors.Peer reviewe

Proceedings of The Annual Conference of NASA Clinic Directors, Environmental Health Officials, and medical program advisors

Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health Programs are discussed. Throughout the conference, the employer's responsibility to provide a reasonably safe work environment, is emphasized

Modelling and elucidation of photoreaction kinetics - Applications and actinometry using nifedipine, nisoldipine, montelukast, fluvoxamine and riboflavin.

The kinetics of drugs photodegradation have traditionally been treated using thermal kinetic analysis methods consisting most commonly in zero and first order kinetics. These treatment strategies were shown to lack specificity and present a number of limitations when applied to photoreactions kinetics. Nevertheless, these methods have widely been used due to a lack of integrated rate-laws for the majority of photoreactions types, in turn, due to the presence of a variable time-dependent factor in most photoreactions rate-laws that prevents their mathematical integration. To address these limitations, a new methodology for the development and validation of semi-empirical integrated rate-laws that faithfully describe photoreactions kinetics and photoreactions simulated cases generated by numerical integration methods (NIMs), is hereby presented. Using this methodology, a new kinetic order was ascribed to photoreactions namely the Φ-order kinetics. Semi-empirical integrated rate-laws were, thus, developed for three photoreaction types namely, unimolecular, AB(1Φ), photoreversible ,AB(2Φ), and consecutive, AB4(4Φ), photoreactions. The proposed models were further tested experimentally on drugs following these photodegradation mechanisms using; nifedipine and nisoldipine for unimolecular photoreactions; montelukast and fluvoxamine for photoreversible reactions; and riboflavin for consecutive photoreactions. The developed models not only accurately described the photoreaction kinetics of these drugs but also allowed the determination of all the kinetic parameters that characterise them. Furthermore, the above studied drugs were shown to act as precise and simple actinometers when analytically treated with the Φ-order kinetic methods, hereby presented. A universal standard method for the precise and worldwide reproducible study of drugs stability and compounds photoreactions, based on monochromatic irradiation and Φ-kinetics data analysis, is also detailed and adopted throughout the thesis. Finally, two new kinetic parameters namely, the pseudo-rate-constant and pseudo-initial velocity have been identified and shown to be more reliable and accurate in the description and universal comparison of photoreactions kinetics

2016 Annex to the Model Aquatic Health Code : scientific rationale. 2nd edition, July 2016.

Posted on 07/18/2016This information is distributed solely as guidance for the purpose of assisting state and local health departments, aquatic facility inspection programs, building officials, the aquatics sector, and other interested parties in improving the health and safety at public aquatic facilities. This document does not address all health and safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to each use.The Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) is a set of voluntary guidelines based on science and best practices that were developed to help programs that regulate public aquatic facilities reduce the risk of disease, injury, and drowning in their communities. The MAHC is a leap forward from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s (CDC) operational and technical manuals published in 1959, 1976, and 1981 and a logical progression of CDC\u2019s Healthy Swimming Program started in 2001. The 2016 MAHC underscores CDC\u2019s long-term involvement and commitment to improving aquatic health and safety. The MAHC guidance document stemmed from concern about the increasing number of pool-associated outbreaks starting in the mid-1990s. Creation of the MAHC was the major recommendation of a 2005 national workshop held in Atlanta, Georgia charged with developing recommendations to reduce these outbreaks. Federal, state, and local public health officials and the aquatics sector formed an unprecedented collaboration to create the MAHC. The MAHC will be regularly updated using input from a national stakeholder partnership called the Council for the Model Aquatic Health Code (CMAHC). The CMAHC was formed to keep the MAHC up to date and current with the latest advances in the aquatics industry while also responding to public health reports of disease and injury. The partnership hopes this truly will lead to achieving the MAHC vision of \u201cHealthy and Safe Aquatic Experiences for Everyone\u201d in the future.The 2016 MAHC utilized the first time CMAHC conference process to collect, assess, and relay MAHC Change Request recommendations to CDC. The first CMAHC Vote on the Code Biennial Conference was held October 6-7, 2015 in Phoenix Arizona, a little over one year after CDC\u2019s release of the 2014 MAHC, 1st Edition. CDC utilized CMAHC\u2019s input to revise the MAHC and plans to utilize the CMAHC conference process to update future versions of the MAHC.CS264311B2016-mahc-annex-final.pdfSupersede