Mobile, intelligent and autonomous policing tools and the law

This thesis resolves around problems arising for the existing legal framework from the use of novel software-­‐based policing tools during criminal investigations. The increasing dependence on information and communication technologies and the Internet means that more aspects of people’s lives move online, and crime follows them. This has triggered the development of innovative, autonomous investigative technologies that are increasingly replacing human officers for the policing of the online sphere. While only recently discussions of the legal status of embodied and unembodied robotical devices have gained more widespread attention, discussions of the legal status of autonomous agent technology are not new. They have focussed however in the past on applications in the private domain, enabling contract formation online. No systematic study has so far been carried out that looks at the use of autonomous agent technology when deployed by state actors, to fulfil core state functions. This thesis starts with the hypothesis that the use of automated, intelligent devices to replicate core police functions in the online world will increase in the future. Looking at first emerging technologies, but with an eye towards future deployment of much more capable software tools that fulfil policing functions on the Internet, this thesis looks at the challenges this poses for regulators and software developers. Based on extensive qualitative research interviews with stakeholders from two different jurisdictions (Germany & UK) this thesis finds that these novel policing technologies challenge existing legal frameworks, which are still premised on the parameters of the offline world. It therefore develops an alternative governance model for these policing tools, which enables their law-­‐compliant use and prevents rights violations of suspects. In doing so it draws upon both worlds, the technical and the legal, while also incorporating the empirical research results from the interviews with experts. The first part of this thesis analyses the technical foundations of these software-­‐based policing tools. Here, one of the key findings is that the current governance system focuses on ex-­‐ante authorisation of very specific, individual software tools without developing a systematic classification. This contradicts the principle of sustainable law making. To overcome this piecemeal approach, as a first contribution to existing research this work defines a new class of investigative technologies – mobile, intelligent and autonomous (MIA) policing tools ‐ based on the findings of the technical analysis. Identifying such a natural class of present and future technologies that pose the same type of legal issues should facilitate the sustainable governance of these new policing tools. The second part of this thesis analyses two specific legal issues: cross-­jurisdictional investigations and the evidentiary value of the seized data. These issues were identified as most pressing by the experts interviewed for this work. This analysis reveals that investigative activities of MIA tools are potentially in conflict with international law principles and criminal procedure law. In order to gain legitimacy, these new policing tools need to operate within the parameters of the existing legal framework. This thesis argues that given the unique technical capabilities of MIA tools, the primary approach to achieving this is to assign legal responsibility to these tools. The third part of this thesis develops a novel governance approach to ensure that MIA tools operate within the parameters of the legal framework, and therefore obtain legitimacy and relevance, also with regard to the investigative results. This approach builds on existing research identifying code as a regulatory modality and contributes to the field of legal theory. It constitutes a solution for the governance problems of MIA tools, however, it requires currently lacking collaboration among stakeholders and cross-­disciplinary research

International Conference Management, Business and Economics

UBT Annual International Conference is the 9th international interdisciplinary peer reviewed conference which publishes works of the scientists as well as practitioners in the area where UBT is active in Education, Research and Development. The UBT aims to implement an integrated strategy to establish itself as an internationally competitive, research-intensive university, committed to the transfer of knowledge and the provision of a world-class education to the most talented students from all background. The main perspective of the conference is to connect the scientists and practitioners from different disciplines in the same place and make them be aware of the recent advancements in different research fields, and provide them with a unique forum to share their experiences. It is also the place to support the new academic staff for doing research and publish their work in international standard level. This conference consists of sub conferences in different fields like: Art and Digital Media Agriculture, Food Science and Technology Architecture and Spatial Planning Civil Engineering, Infrastructure and Environment Computer Science and Communication Engineering Dental Sciences Education and Development Energy Efficiency Engineering Integrated Design Information Systems and Security Journalism, Media and Communication Law Language and Culture Management, Business and Economics Modern Music, Digital Production and Management Medicine and Nursing Mechatronics, System Engineering and Robotics Pharmaceutical and Natural Sciences Political Science Psychology Sport, Health and Society Security Studies This conference is the major scientific event of the UBT. It is organizing annually and always in cooperation with the partner universities from the region and Europe. We have to thank all Authors, partners, sponsors and also the conference organizing team making this event a real international scientific event

Internetová a počítačová kriminalita

Účelom tejto práce je podať komplexný prehľad o internetovej a počítačovej resp. kybernetickej kriminalite. Téma je to nanajvýš aktuálna z dôvodu neustáleho vývoja a posunov v oblasti informačných technológií, ktoré zároveň so sebou prinášajú nevídaný rozvoj kriminálnej činnosti v podobe nových trestných činov. Diplomová práca sa skladá zo šiestich kapitol, pričom každá z nich rozoberá určitý aspekt kybernetickej kriminality. Prvá kapitola, je kapitolou úvodnou, pričom jej účelom je vymedzenie základných pojmov užívaných v práci ako počítačové systémy a dáta, počítačová kriminalita, internetová kriminalita a kybernetická kriminalita. Kapitola druhá podáva stručný historický úvod k pochopeniu vzťahu vývoja kybernetickej kriminality v kontexte vývoja informačných a komunikačných technológií. V tretej kapitole možno nájsť rozbor špecifík kyberkriminality. Táto kapitola pojednáva najmä o typologických znakoch páchateľa, najčastejších motívoch, obetiach ako aj o prevencií kyberkriminality. Jej posledná časť sa snaží poukázať na problematiku delimitácie jurisdikcie, teda problematiku pôsobnosti trestného práva v prostredí Internetu. Štvrtá kapitola poskytuje prehľad relevantných medzinárodných dokumentov v oblasti kybernetickej kriminality. Jej prvá časť je venovaná Dohovoru o kybernetickej kriminalite a...The purpose of my thesis is to analyse and focus on the very actual topic of the Internet and computer criminality. The reason I chose this topic for my research is growing development of technology resulting in the evolution of new types of crimes, which need to be regulated by the law. The thesis is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the cybernetic criminality. Chapter one is introductory and mainly focuses on the definition of the basic terminology used in the thesis, like computer systems, data, computer crime, internet crime and most importantly cybercrime. Chapter two gives a brief historical background to the relationship between the evolution of the information and communication technology and the appearance of the cybernetic crime. Chapter three discusses on the specifics of the cybercrime by the means of description of the typical cybercriminal, his motives, and his victims and last but not least of the possible prevention measures. The last part of this chapter concentrates on problems resulting from the transnational nature of cybercrime, which creates jurisdictional issues. Chapter four is subdivided into three main parts and provides an outline of the relevant International legislation in the field of cybercrime. Part one deals with the main...Department of Criminal LawKatedra trestního právaFaculty of LawPrávnická fakult

Overcoming the digital divide? : Africa and the information society with special reference to Lesotho

Includes bibliographical references.This thesis investigates whether the Internet is reducing or eliminating poverty and whether the Internet is the provider of fast-based information for development. It explores the concept of the information society, the information revolution, and the Internet, to provide a framework for understanding the information society in Africa, and in particular, Lesotho. Increasingly the information revolution, the Internet, is said to be shaping our lives. Globalisation and the new economy are driven by the Internet and social and economic development results from the Internet. The Internet, it is suggested, will enable Africa to "leapfrog" stages of economic and social development. The examples held up to Mrica as models of the use of information and communications technology are the East Asian "Tigers", India's cybertowers and Silicon Valley in California, the United States. These are examined in detail. The question of inclusion and exclusion in the information society is explored and whether the Internet is creating another divide - the digital divide. A historical sequence of meetings, conferences and events that have attempted to include Mrica in the information society is outlined. Statistics of telecommunication and Internet provision in Africa are included. These statistics show that the lack of telecommunications that is the method of accessing the Internet results in the lack of Internet provision in Africa contributing to the growing digital divide. The detailed case study of Lesotho situated in its historical, economic and social context, investigates the extent of telecommunication and Internet development in Lesotho. The conclusions presented are that while the Internet can contribute to some social and economic development it is not reducing or eliminating poverty. This is shown in the case study of Lesotho. This thesis presents evidence of a growing digital divide in society between the information haves and have-nots. Because of the critical role of the Internet in the new economy and globalisation, without the Internet there will be fewer possibilities for social and economic development. Therefore the digital divide is an additional factor contributing to poverty and inequality resulting in greater exclusion for whole groups, countries, and virtually the whole of Africa

Parental Influences on the Internet Use by Children in Saudi Arabia

The advancement in technology has undoubtedly enriched the world, both socially and culturally, leading to concerns and unintended consequences surrounding both accessibility and its usage. The concerns of parents on their children’s internet usage have been one of the main reasons behind identifying ways and means to mediate children’s internet access and usage effectively. Even though it is recognised that internet usage has many positive influences on children, there are also concerns about the possible negative impact. For parents in Saudi Arabia (SA), mediating children’s internet usage is a significant concern due to the increasingly easy access to the internet and the likely negative impact on the children. These concerns and existing literature formed the basis for this research which sought to investigate the parental mediation of children’s internet usage in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, the research questions ask what the intensity of children’s participation in internet activities is and how effective is parental mediation in controlling usage is? In what way do social and cultural factors motivate parents to practice regulative and restrictive mediation of their child’s internet usage. Furthermore, does excessive internet usage result in negative or inappropriate consequences regarding children’s behaviour? This research adopted a multiple paradigm approach which utilised both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect and analyse data. Data collection for this research was through a questionnaire survey (involving 700 children and 465 parents) randomly selected, and semi-structured interviews involving 23 parents. Analysis of the data suggested that parental mediation of children’s internet usage in Saudi Arabia is a major issue. The key findings from this research indicate a very high level of internet use among children in Saudi Arabia. Approximately, 64% of the respondents indicated that they use the internet on a daily basis spending between 2 to 6 hours on the internet. Video sharing was identified to be the most common use of the internet by the children. The main drivers for parental mediation of children’s internet usage in SA were identified as the need to ensure children were trained to adhere to Islamic teachings and social values, the security of children and misinformation of children. Mediation strategies adopted by parents ranged from controlling the amount of times children spent on the internet; restricting children’s access to potentially dangerous websites, and advising children on safety issues on the internet. The implications of the research results and recommendations for ensuring effective mediation of children’s internet usage in SA are discussed in the study.Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabi

Moral values in the internet architecture design

Filozofsko određenje interneta polazi od izbora pravog nivoa tehnološke apstrakcije na kome se može govoriti o njemu kao promenljivom tehnološkom sistemu, a isto tako i od izbora arhitekture kao objekta analize dizajna interneta. Arhitektura je sinonim za tumačenje interneta od strane inžinjera tj. mrežnih dizajnera, tokom koga su se oni upustili u kreiranje šireg viđenja o tome kako vide ili žele da vide, izgrade ili regulišu taj sistem. U originalnu arhitekturu interneta založene su vrednosti libertarijanske kulture i principi koji vode računa pre svega o što široj interkonekciji putem jedinstvenog seta protokola. Vremenom je internet zajednica morala da odustane od arhitekture mreže u korist postavljanja u centar pažnje velikog broja aplikacija. U toj post-arhitekturalnoj fazi, do filozofskog određenja interneta se dolazi kroz razmatranje pitanja vezanih za upravljanje internetom, njegovu materijalno-prostornu realizaciju i njegovu interakciju sa komercijalnom sferom. Upravljanje internetom, ma kako funkcionalno, nije sprečilo da se pojavi neupravljani internet tzv. tamni internet iliti mračna strana javnog interneta. Tamni internet je moguć zahvaljujući kriptografiji, i inherentna mu je subverzivnost. Iz tamnog interneta stiže ne samo ozloglašeni sajber kriminal, već i prodor istine zarad opšteg dobra tj. raskrinkavanje nadzora nad javnim internetom. Mapiranje interneta na planeti ukazuje da jedan mali broj lokacija prima, razmenjuje i transmituje veliki deo internet saobraćaja i komunikacija na planet