The Influence of Community Behavior in Disposing of Garbage on the Spread of Malaria

The existence of garbage in everyday life can not be separated from human behavior that litters. Lack of public awareness in disposing of waste results in an unhealthy environment. An unhealthy environment triggers the emergence of various diseases, one of which is a disease caused by mosquito bites, namely malaria. Malaria is one of the most deadly diseases. This study aims to see how far the influence of community behavior in disposing of waste on the spread of malaria outbreaks. The data used in this study is data from the 2018 Village Potential data collection with 83,931 villages in Indonesia. The analytical method used is Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The results obtained in this study are people's behavior in disposing of waste has a significant effect on the spread of malaria. The better the behavior of the community in waste disposal and management, the lower the spread of malaria will occur. In addition, access to and utilization of health facilities and services is also important in the process of treating malaria. The results of this study also concluded that the farther the distance to health care facilities, the greater the risk of suffering from malaria. Government participation is needed to improve public health promotion. Keywords: Trash behavior; malaria; access to health facilities; health promotion

Influence of household behaviour and perception on Malaria control and prevention in Zamfara State North West Nigeria

Household behaviour has been established as a fundamental element in health preventive practices. Malaria control paradigm focuses mostly on the medical and health approach. Household behaviour has been to a large extent do not take into account. Household behaviour, not only plays a critical role in the influence of malaria prevalence, but these behaviours and attitudes can also play a role in its control and management. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of household behaviour and perception on malaria control and prevalence in Zamfara state North West Nigeria. The study used a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative research. For the quantitative, a total of 409 respondents participated in the study. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and smart PLS 2.0 is use for the quantitative analysis. For the qualitative, 20 people participated as respondents. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative analysis. Result from the PLS analysis supported the entire three hypothesis. Specifically, the finding from hypothesis one shows that there is a significant relationship between behaviour on fumigation and malaria control. Furthermore, results from hypothesis two indicate that there is a connection between household behaviour on waste disposal and malaria control. The result from the hypothesis three reveals that there is a relationship between household malaria perception and malaria control. A finding from the qualitative study reveals that household behaviour has the influence to available and effective malaria control measures in Nigeria. Part of the result also shows that available and effective control measures influence household behaviour. The findings of the study were supported by the literature and theories. In general the study provides further proofs on the influence of household behaviour on malaria control and prevention with particular reference to Zamfara state in North West Nigeria. Household behaviour should be considered as an important concept for malaria control and prevention

Environmental conditions in displaced communities of Khartoum State, Sudan

Inadequate environmental sanitation has been recognized as a public health hazard worldwide. Nearly one quarter of all deaths and of the total disease burden and slightly more than one-third for children can be attributed to the changes and degradation of the environment. This study examined the environmental conditions of the displaced communities in Khartoum State, Sudan. A community-based descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was used for a population of 726,989 inhabitants of the Displaced communities in Khartoum State. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used in selecting 662 households in these communities and a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, Chi-square test and multiple logistic regressions. Results showed that protected dug wells and tap water were the major sources of water supply in the study area, usually transferred to the house by cart and almost all was not treated. The major source of toilet facilities was traditional pit latrine and more than one-fifth of the populations share common latrines. More than one-third of the families had animals inside their housing. Almost half of the families were disposing their rubbish in collection areas far from housing followed by burning of rubbish, which had been used by more than one-third of them. More than one-fifth of the households’ preschool children (21.3%) had diarrhea. A result of multiple logistic regressions showed that, time of hand washing (when to wash hand) was independently predictive for diarrhea among the households’ preschool children (B = 0.005, Wald test = 6.758, p=0.009). It can therefore, be concluded that the environmental conditions including access to improved sources of water and hygienic latrines in these communities were accepted, although there were still some negative environmental practices, which can affect the safety of water and promote diseases spread. Bad hygienic practice was prevalent and led to high rates of diarrhea among the households’ children. Therefore, to improve the environmental conditions in these communities, authorities should establish and enforce a more healthy environmental conditions approach and health promotion activities to improve the hygienic practice.Key words: Displaced communities, Khartoum State, environmental conditions, hygienic practice and diarrhea

An exploration of the impact of environmental education innovation on students in sustaining land resources : a case of Mkhondo Village

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of Environmental Education in learners with regard to unacceptable waste dumping which causes land degradation in Mkhondo village. Large parts of the Mkhondo area, including the informal settlement, the location and the local school, are very untidy due to littering by the residents and learners. The situation is contrary to the objectives of the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD). The study was focused on the impact that Environmental Education as an extracurricular activity would have on the students in reducing or eradicating littering. Data was collected through focus group interviews with the learners and the parents as well as observations. The study revealed that learners showed no concern about the negative impact of disposing of litter inappropriately even after the extra-mural activities on Environmental Education, which indicated that they were not concerned about the environment at school as well as at home. The initiative of Environmental Education was implemented in a short period, hence learners were not yet fully acquainted with the responsibility of taking care of the environment and alleviating littering on the school premises. I therefore recommend that educational campaigns on appropriate solid waste disposal should be initiated in the school and in the community. Further studies should be conducted on how Environmental Education can be integrated in the curriculum as an examinable subject.Environmental SciencesM. Ed. (Environmental Education

Solid Waste Management in the Caribbean

Increases in population, urbanization, and per-capita incomes in the Caribbean over the past century have magnified the traditional challenge of managing household refuse. This paper will discuss the historical evolution of solid waste management practices, summarize the current state of waste management in the Caribbean, consider the future growth of waste production, highlight options for future waste management, and finally consider policies available to change current household waste disposal practices. Solid waste planners might find this information useful to prepare long-term strategies for waste management in the Caribbean

Influence of Broadcast Media Enlightenment Campaigns on Solid Waste Management in South-South of Nigeria

One of the environmental challenges in developing countries is unhealthy disposal of solid waste. Indiscriminate dumping of waste is a common practice across Nigeria.  This study examines the influence of the broadcast media enlightenment campaigns on solid waste management for positive attitudinal change in the South-South Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria. In order to determine the relationship between public awareness of the broadcast media and attitudinal change towards solid waste management enlightenment campaigns, survey research and content analysis methods were adopted. Three research instruments were used to obtain data. They were interviews, programmes schedule of broadcast media and questionnaire. The responses obtained from the interviews were used as part of the discussion of findings. Two sampling techniques were adopted for the study. They were the purposive and cluster (multi-stage) sampling techniques. These techniques enable the researcher to select the target respondents from a large group. The Taro Yamani formula for sample size was employed to obtain the sample size. Two thousand and four hundred (2,400) copies of the questionnaire were administered to the south-south states with the help of research assistants and the researcher. Four hundred copies were administered to each of these states. The states are; Akwa-Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo and Rivers states.  However, two thousand, three hundred and fifty seven (2,357) copies were retrieved. Results obtained showed irregular and poor enlightenment campaigns by the broadcast media on solid waste management in all these states. This resulted to poor attitude to waste management by inhabitants. The result also showed that positive attitude towards solid waste management depended on regularly broadcast media enlightenment campaigns. However, responsible environmental behaviour remains the best approach to solid waste management and other environmental problems. Keywords: Attitudinal change, Broadcast media, Enlightenment campaigns, Solid waste managemen

Knowledge and Perception of Afenmai Residents on Lassa Fever Outbreak in Nigeria

The media as purveyors and carriers of information frequently examine issues of public health by publishing messages that could guide the audience to make informed decisions about their health. This study therefore, examined the knowledge and perception of Afenmai residents on lassa fever disease outbreak in Nigeria. Anchored on Agenda Setting and the Health Belief Model, the study relied on survey design with questionnaire as instruments of data collection. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 400 respondents from a population of 1,317,655 persons selected from six local government areas: Akoko-Edo, Etsako-Central, Etsako-East, Etsako-West, Owan-West, Owan-East, in Afenmai region of Edo state. Findings indicate that the Afenmai people are exposed to campaigns on lassa fever prevention and control and that there is a significant level of adoption of the transmitted campaign messages. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers conclude that there is significant difference in the perception of Afenmai residents on lassa fever pandemic in Nigeria. The researchers further concluded that the media played useful role in sensitizing the residents of the region on the virus. It therefore, recommended that government and media organizations should enhance media campaign messages on lassa fever outbreak in the county amongst others. Keywords: Knowledge; Perception; Afenmai; Residents; Lassa Fever. DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/98-04 Publication date:September 30th 202

Assessment of Housing Conditions for a Developing Urban Slum using Geospatial Analysis: A Case Study of Durumi, Garki-2, Gishiri and Jabi of the City of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria

The parameters used for urban slum classification are water source, accessibility types, wall materials, conditions and types of waste disposal, roof and roof trusses types, and cluster nature of the study areas as detected by NigeriaSAT-1 imagery data. Applications of remote sensing are best and better appropriate way to identify slums through the presence of the following features; housing density, structure, and roof composition. However, it was observed that the study areas had been in a condition of virtual slum before 2005. The results of housing conditions classification shows that slums are often associated and characterized by substandard housing structures, poor living conditions, narrow access that do not allow vehicles, experience a high rate of disease, poor water quality, window and door made from substandard material, and  unhealthy disposal of waste. In addition, the geo-statistical analysis also show positive relationship with the slum index; water 0.0536 (5%), solid and liquid waste 0.3707 (37%), wall to the building 0.7594 (76%), roof 0.3253 (33%), toilet wall 0.5313 (53%), kitchen wall 0.6020 (60%), door 0.3191 (32%), window 0.4255 (43%) and accessibility 0.3167 (32%). In the final analysis, it was observed that the methods agree largely with the areas classified as slum or squatter settlement. This conclusion was made based on the results of the housing conditions classifications, statistical analysis and cluster nature of the study areas displayed in palette of Arcmap-10.1 supervised classification. It is recommended that, this classification approach be used for assessing the state of housing conditions in urban slums. Keywords: assessment, housing conditions, urban/city slum, geospatial algorithm

The Relationship Between Respiratory Infections and Healthy Homes in Children Under Five, Indonesia 2013

Environment plays a very important role in the spread of disease, especially in children under five. Healthy homes are believed to help reduce the prevalence of disease, especially acute respiratory infections (ARI) in infants. This article describes the relationship between healthy home and ARI in children under five. The analysis used the data of Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 and Potential Villages (PODES) 2014, in 33 provinces of Indonesia. The sample is 59,175 children under five, distinguished to have been diagnosed with or without ARI and with or without staying at healthy home. Healthy home indicators are prepared in accordance with the Healthy Home Technical Guidelines published by the Ministry of Health. There are 15 variables that make up 3 groups of components of healthy homes. The criteria assessment uses value and weight according to the guidelines. There are 2 component variables that could not be included in the composite healthy home due to data limitations, which are the behaviour of cleaning houses and toileting children. Data analysis using logistic regression. The proportion of healthy homes in Indonesia is still low. A total of 23.2% (n = 13,744) of households with under-fives children were declared as healthy homes, and 26% (n = 15,364) infants were diagnosed with ARI. Based on geographical location, Sumatera is the highest percentage of households with children under five who meet the criteria of healthy homes. A risk difference was found to be 1.13 times greater for children under five with ARI in households exposed to indoor air pollution in both healthy and nonhealthy homes. Air pollution in the home affects the incidence of ARI in infants. Regulation of the use of cooking fuel and friendly home lighting source is necessary

Changes and Existence of Cirebon's Rivers in 1900-1942

Pada masa Hindu-Budha hingga VOC peran sungai sangat penting, karena sungai merupakan jalan raya utama yang mudah ditemui dan dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat Cirebon sebagai alat transportasi untuk menghubungkan kawasan pantai (pelabuhan) dengan interior (pedalaman). Namun, pada masa Hindia Belanda keberadaan sungai di Kota Cirebon telah berubah. Perubahan keberadaan sungai adalah hal yang mendasar. Pertama, seiring dengan perkembangan zaman dan teknologi serta meningkatnya kebutuhan barang dan jasa terus berlanjut untuk kebutuhan eksploitasi daerah jajahan, serta untuk mengefisienkan pendistribusian barang dan jasa. Kemudian, pemerintah Hindia-Belanda melakukan peralihan dari moda transportasi sungai ke berbagai moda pembangunan transportasi darat, seperti jalan raya dan kereta api. Kedua, kondisi ekologi sungai yang tidak sehat turut memengaruhi, sehingga banyak orang yang sering terkena imbasnya oleh wabah penyakit akibat kondisi sungai yang tidak sehat dan ketika musim hujan tiba, sungai meluap dan menggenangi rumah penduduk. Faktor-faktor tersebut yang melatarbelakangi pemerintah Hindia-Belanda melakukan perubahan terhadap keberadaan sungai-sungai di Kota Cirebon, seperti pengerukan Sungai Lama "Kali Bacin", normalisasi Sungai Sukalila, normalisasi Sungai Sipadu dan pembuatan drainase