This is that which . .. they call Wampum Europeans Coming to Terms with Native Shell Beads

The Native American-European encounter created a multitude of opportunities for understanding and misunderstanding. Linguistic and cultural barriers contributed to the complexity of cross-cultural understanding. In the ca.\u3ee of tubular shell beads known today as wampum, Europeans sought a suitable term to describe the unfamiliar cultural goods that served Native people in ways unfamiliar to Europeans. The French, Dutch, and English experimented with diverse terms-both Native and European-eventually settling on porcelaine, sewant, and wampum, respectively. In doing so, they drew on their linguistic and cultural backgrounds while coming to terms with the Native American languages they encountered. A study of these cross-cultural interactions reveals the nuances and the limits of European understanding, and it demonstrates the cultural linguistic legacy of European colonization

Key pedagogic thinkers: Anton Makarenko

This article gives an introduction to the life and work of the Ukrainian social pedagogue and educational theorist Anton Makarenko. In the early part of the 1920s, he formulated a theory that he further developed while helping orphans under the most difficult and dramatic conditions. When he died, aged only 51 years old, Makarenko left behind a multifaceted theory, or a system of theories, that deals with many aspects of social pedagogy. Unfortunately, this source is ignored by most professionals in the Western countries. Those embarking on this substantial body of work will experience exciting reading. Most likely they will also acquire new insights and perspectives, which may be useful when trying to help young people. Makarenko's theory is directly inspired by his background and life experiences. In order to fully understand and thereby be able to assess his texts one needs thorough insight into the difficult political and social conditions under which he lived. The initial part of this article describes some of the key events in his life and also provides an overview of his most important texts. The subsequent part describes the essence of the theory and links its different elements to contemporary professional discourse. In the concluding part the holism and dialectics in Makarenko's reasoning and his intellectual kinship with John Dewey are highlighted

Global Aid Allocation: Are Nordic Donors Different?

The Nordic development assistance programs have earned a reputation for commitment to human rights and democracy. Is the reputation deserved? We address this question by comparing how much aid donors give and to which recipient countries. Using a global panel data set, spanning the period 1980-99 and 91 recipient countries, we find that individual bilateral donors vary considerably from one another. Nordic aid distribution differs significantly from other bilateral aid donor patterns: Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland provide more aid to democracies but do not penalise poor trade policies. Unlike other bilateral donors the four Nordics do not provide more aid to political allies. We also find some evidence that recipients with a good human rights record receive more aid from Nordic donors.

Reproductive physiology of the female cat

Ovarian cyclicity induces considerable changes in morphology, physiology and function of the reproductive organs in animals. This thesis aimed to study reproductive physiology of the female domestic cat, focusing on the cervix, uterus and uterine tube during different stages of the oestrous cycle, after mating and under pathological conditions. Transcervical catheterisation was performed using a specially designed catheter. Patency of the cervix and uterine motility were studied with the aids of fluoroscopy and scintigraphy by depositing contrast fluids and radiopharmaceutical medium in the cranial vagina. The relationship between cervical patency and oestrous behaviour, cornification of the vaginal cells and serum concentrations of oestradiol-17β were evaluated. Hysterography, a positive contrast study, was performed to illustrate the uterine appearance during the oestrous cycle in relation to histological characteristics of the endometrium. Immunohistochemistry using proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA) was introduced to identify mitotic activity of the endometrial cells. Patency of the cervix to spermatozoa as well as sperm distribution after natural mating was evaluated by flushing the vagina, the uterus and the uterine tube. For the study of sperm distribution in the female reproductive tract, two methods, flushing and tissue sectioning were evaluated and compared. Using a specially designed catheter it was possible to catheterise the cervix during interoestrus, oestrus, metoestrus and postpartum and to introduce contrast fluids into the uterus to study uterine appearance using hysterography also when the cervix was closed. The period when the cervix was patent was found to vary among individuals: the cervix was open either only during late-oestrus; during midoestrus and late-oestrus; or throughout the entire behavioural oestrus. Patency of the cervix was found to usually coincide with the maximum degree of vaginal cornification and thus, presumably is regulated at least in part by the serum concentration of oestradiol-17β. Hysterograms revealed differences in uterine luminal shape that corresponded to the histological characteristics of the endometrium in cats at various stages of the oestrous cycle, cats given medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and cats with uterine pathology. Straight- and wavy-shaped uterine lumens were characteristic of the uterine horns in the inactive and follicular stages of the oestrous cycle, respectively. Coil-shaped uterine lumen appeared to be a progestagenic effect seen in the luteal, the MPA-treated and the pathological groups. A coiled uterine cavity was suggestive of endometrial hyperplasia, whereas irregular filling defects were indicative of generalised cystic changes in the endometrium. The expression of PCNA in luminal and glandular epithelial cells was observed although the mitotic activity was not related to neither stages of oestrous cycle nor uterine pathological conditions. The results from the sperm distribution study demonstrated that the cervix and the uterotubal junction (UTJ) were sperm barriers in the cat. The endometrial crypts and the UTJ functioned as sperm reservoirs before ovulation, whereas the isthmus was a sperm reservoir around the time of ovulation. The observations determined the dynamics of the cervix, the uterus and the uterine tube in the cat in relation to ovarian activity. This thesis is the first to provide nomenclatures for describing uterine appearance in hysterograms according to the shape of the uterine horns, luminal cavity and the characteristics of the intraluminal lining, to demonstrate the PCNA expression as well as to determine the distribution of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract of the cat after natural mating

Colonialism and Mandates

Daily life in contemporary African countries must be understood as determined by their status as members of an interlocking network of postcolonies, striving to imagine themselves as related through Pan-Africanism but struggling first to realize themselves as fully functioning nations. Even though Ethiopia and Liberia are generally spoken of as the only countries in Africa that were not colonized, this actually suggests the level of subjugation the rest of the continent did experience. After all, if Italy failed in its attempt to take over Ethiopia in the 1880s, Mussolini succeeded in doing so in 1936; Liberia was, in fact, a colony for several decades, created in 1822 by the American Society for Colonization of Free People of Color of the United States as a destination for freed American slaves

“You Speak Very Good English for a Swede”: Language, Culture, and Persistence in Maine’s Swedish Colony

In the summer of 1870, a small group of Swedish immigrants arrived in northern Maine with the intention of establishing a farming colony in a place they called New Sweden. Despite many difficulties, the community has persisted and maintained a strong sense of its Swedish heritage. A demographic study of those who lived in the Swedish colony during its first sixty years suggests that language retention played an important role in keeping both the community and its identity alive. Katherine Hoving completed her Masters of Arts in History at the University of Maine, Orono, in December 2001. She is currently employed as a Museum Educator at the Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, New York

A History of the Use of Swedish Language in New Sweden, Maine

Swedish has a significant role in the history of Aroostook County. In the 1870s, a group of Swedish immigrants settled in the then newly-formed Maine’s Swedish Colony. They brought traditional Swedish customs, dress, food and language. Meanwhile in Sweden, a change was occurring in the Swedish language that led to the development of modern Swedish into the contemporary Swedish that continues to be spoken in Sweden today. While many of the oldest generation of Swedes in New Sweden know this older style of Swedish, the language was not readily passed down to their children or their children’s children. Despite the fact that English is spoken in daily life, the Swedish language still has a presence in life today and continues to mark Swedish identity in Maine’s Swedish Colony