Intermarriage and Ethnicity: Punjabi Mexican Americans, Mexican Japanese, and Filipino Americans

The problem is intermarriage, specifically intermarriages patterned by gender (all the men are from one ethnic background and almost all of the women from another) which produce significant biethnic communities. The author\u27s original research on Punjabi Mexican Americans, people whose fathers came from India\u27s Punjab province and whose mothers were of predominantly Mexican or Mexican American heritage, combined field work and interviews with California county records and local historical materials to show the flexibility of ethnic identity. She compares the Punjabi Mexican Americans to Filipino European Americans and Mexican japanese, using studies done by Barbara Posadas and Chizuko Watanabe. She finds that in all three cases members of the second biethnic generation evidence considerable flexibility with respect to their ethnic identity; they also insist upon cultural pluralism and claim the dominant national identity, particularly when confronted by new immigrants from the fathers\u27 countries

Violence research in Northeast and Southeast Asia: main themes and directions

The study analyses research on violence in the Northeast and Southeast Asia with respect to four types: political, urban, domestic and youth violence, highlighting current research themes, tendencies and gaps in violence research on and in the region, and identifying needs for further research. Commonalities and differences between countries and subregions are examined, along with a treatment of the colonial experience that influenced political violence in postcolonial countries

Deconstructing the Decolonizing Plot of the Tydings-McDuffie Act: A Review of America\u27s International Relations in Asia in the Early Twentieth Century

The Tydings-McDuffie Act was enacted in 1934 to establish a designated path for the Philippines, then an American colony, to become independent after a ten-year transition period. This article looks into the macro-environment of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s regarding the impact of the Soviet Union, the Republic of China, the Shōwa empire of Japan, and its puppet state “Manchukuo” in China, embedded within the innumerable socio-political and economic conflicts between the U.S. and the Philippines. The Tydings-McDuffie Act is critically examined to assess its underlying decolonizing plot of the political and economic relationship between the U.S. and the Philippines in the early twentieth century

The Cost of Property Rights: Establishing Institutions on the Philippine Frontier Under American Rule, 1898-1918

We examine three reforms to property rights introduced by the United States in the Philippines in the early 20th century: the redistribution of large estates to their tenants, the creation of a system of secure land titles, and a homestead program to encourage cultivation of public lands. During the first phase of American occupation (1898-1918), we find that the implementation of these reforms was very slow. As a consequence, tenure insecurity increased over this period, and the distribution of farm sizes remained extremely unequal. We identify two primary causes for the slow progress of reform. The first was the high cost of implementing these programs, together with political constraints which prevented the government from subsidizing land reforms to a greater degree. The second was the reluctance of the government to evict delinquent or informal cultivators, especially on public lands, which reduced the costs of tenure insecurity.

The changing role of the missionary to the Philippines

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Requirements for a Confessional Lutheran Dogmatics for Use in Training Filipino Pastors

Our Lutheran Church was late in beginning work in the Philippines. We do not have much time as American missionaries to work in this field. We have a real challenge before us in building an indigenous Lutheran Church in a short time. This paper is concerned with the doctrinal aapect of the indigenous church. · If a strong, evangelical Lutheran Church is to take root and grow in the Philippines, it must be built upon the right foundation. This must be done in the training of students for the ministry who can better translate these theological concepts to their own people than the American missionary can ever hope to do. It is the conviction of the author that this can be done through the use of the Lutheran Confession in the teaching of the courses in Dogmatics. Some may argue that this must be done only on the basis of Scripture, but if a truly confessional theology is taught it will, at the same time, be a truly biblical theology

Mission policies of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines (ECP), 1901-1980: their contribution to the regional character of the Church

This study demonstrates the extensive contribution of successive mission policies from 1901 to 1980 to the regional character of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines (ECP). The policy of concentration from 1901 to 1919, which focused church’s work in certain areas of Luzon and Mindanao, continued to impact the development of its mission in spite of the adoption of new policies in the succeeding years. This is because it was primarily developed in relation to the issue of marginality in Philippine society, a factor that remained vital to new policies although it was not always explicitly acknowledged. Although the policy of consolidation from 1920 to 1940 aimed at strengthening the initial mission work, it also allowed expansion for the sake of marginalized people like the Tiruray in Upi, Maguindanao. After World War II to 1962, the church adopted policies of centralization - gathering key institutions in one centre - and expansion of influence - bringing church’s influence to the mainstream of Philippine society. However, when the church pursued its expansion to the lowland Filipinos in partnership with the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI), the concentration of its work amongst the marginalized people in the Cordillera and Mindanao was further enhanced. From 1962 to 1980, the church adopted parallel policies of devolution – Filipinization of leadership - and decentralization – division of the district into dioceses. However, since the policy of decentralization was developed not only for efficient administration of the church but also for its regional expansion, it further contributed to concentration of work in places where the church has been previously working. The framework of ‘mission history after the “world-Christian turn” ’ employed in this study made it possible to arrive at the above conclusions in spite of relying on sources that are predominantly colonial, because it demands reconceiving mission history in the light of World Christianity. In particular, this mission history articulates Filipino voices that have been muted and yet can be detected in the way missionaries dealt with issues like marginality. The capacity to highlight local context and local voices in this framework is partly due to the identification of the double role of mission policies - mediating and synthesizing - in the dialogical relationship between theory (theology, theories, ideals) and practice (expediencies or what is happening on the ground) in the work of Christian mission. This study contributes to the broadening of mission history as well as demonstrating the importance of mission history in the continuous growth and evolution of World Christianity as an area of study

Philippine-American Relations Beyond the Bases

This article has been delivered by the author for the 1988 Florence Macaulay Distinguished Lecture on Asia and the Pacific at the University of Hawaii on September 23, 1988. It discusses America’s colonial policy and the Philippines' security alliance with America. It also traces the termination of Military Base Agreement and the future of Philippine security without the U.S. military bases.military and military bases