426,109 research outputs found
Ten Simple Rules for Getting Help from Online Scientific Communities
The increasing complexity of research requires scientists to work at the intersection of multiple fields and to face problems for which their formal education has not prepared them. For example, biologists with no or little background in programming are now often using complex scripts to handle the results from their experiments; vice versa, programmers wishing to enter the world of bioinformatics must know about biochemistry, genetics, and other fields.
In this context, communication tools such as mailing lists, web forums, and online communities acquire increasing importance. These tools permit scientists to quickly contact people skilled in a specialized field. A question posed properly to the right online scientific community can help in solving difficult problems, often faster than screening literature or writing to publication authors. The growth of active online scientific communities, such as those listed in Table S1, demonstrates how these tools are becoming an important source of support for an increasing number of researchers.
Nevertheless, making proper use of these resources is not easy. Adhering to the social norms of World Wide Web communication—loosely termed “netiquette”—is both important and non-trivial.
In this article, we take inspiration from our experience on Internet-shared scientific knowledge, and from similar documents such as “Asking the Questions the Smart Way” and “Getting Answers”, to provide guidelines and suggestions on how to use online communities to solve scientific problems
Efficient Algorithms for Parsing the DOP Model
Excellent results have been reported for Data-Oriented Parsing (DOP) of
natural language texts (Bod, 1993). Unfortunately, existing algorithms are both
computationally intensive and difficult to implement. Previous algorithms are
expensive due to two factors: the exponential number of rules that must be
generated and the use of a Monte Carlo parsing algorithm. In this paper we
solve the first problem by a novel reduction of the DOP model to a small,
equivalent probabilistic context-free grammar. We solve the second problem by a
novel deterministic parsing strategy that maximizes the expected number of
correct constituents, rather than the probability of a correct parse tree.
Using the optimizations, experiments yield a 97% crossing brackets rate and 88%
zero crossing brackets rate. This differs significantly from the results
reported by Bod, and is comparable to results from a duplication of Pereira and
Schabes's (1992) experiment on the same data. We show that Bod's results are at
least partially due to an extremely fortuitous choice of test data, and
partially due to using cleaner data than other researchers.Comment: 10 page
Anomalies: Ultimatums, Dictators and Manners
Economics can be distinguished from other social sciences by the belief that
most (all?) behavior can be explained by assuming that agents have stable,
well-defined preferences and make rational choices consistent with those preferences
in markets that (eventually) clear. An empirical result qualifies as an
anomaly if it is difficult to "rationalize" or if implausible assumptions are
necessary to explain it within the paradigm. This column will resume, after a
long rest, the investigation of such anomalies
Ten Quick Tips for Using a Raspberry Pi
Much of biology (and, indeed, all of science) is becoming increasingly
computational. We tend to think of this in regards to algorithmic approaches
and software tools, as well as increased computing power. There has also been a
shift towards slicker, packaged solutions--which mirrors everyday life, from
smart phones to smart homes. As a result, it's all too easy to be detached from
the fundamental elements that power these changes, and to see solutions as
"black boxes". The major goal of this piece is to use the example of the
Raspberry Pi--a small, general-purpose computer--as the central component in a
highly developed ecosystem that brings together elements like external
hardware, sensors and controllers, state-of-the-art programming practices, and
basic electronics and physics, all in an approachable and useful way. External
devices and inputs are easily connected to the Pi, and it can, in turn, control
attached devices very simply. So whether you want to use it to manage
laboratory equipment, sample the environment, teach bioinformatics, control
your home security or make a model lunar lander, it's all built from the same
basic principles. To quote Richard Feynman, "What I cannot create, I do not
understand".Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING GAMES IN TEACHING ENGLISH SKILLS TO THE FOURTH GRADER OF SD N MUKIRAN 03, KALIWUNGU, SEMARANG
This report is written based on the job training done by the writer as an English teacher
in SD N Mukiran 03, Kaliwungu, Semarang.
This report seeks to describe the process of teaching English skills by using games and to
describe the effectiveness of using games in teaching English skills to the fourth grader
in SD N Mukiran 03, Kaliwungu, Semarang.
The data of this report were collected by observation, interview, and experience when
the writer taught English lesson. The observation was done in the class. The interview
was done toward the teachers and the students.
The report reveals that applying games in teaching English to the children give some
effective benefits, especially in teaching English skills. Game is the effective method to
be applied in the English class
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