Wireless Sensor Node Employed Air Quality Monitoring and Analysis based on Gsm

The main objective of this project is to devise a simple low cost microcontroller based air pollution monitoring system using wireless technology which finds presence of various gases like CO2, SO, NO,etc and parameters like humidity ,temperature ,etc. , displays it on LCD and forwards it to remote user. This project is developed by using PIC 16F877A Microcontroller, SIM 900 GSM Module, JHD204A LCD display and gas sensors. The advantage of using GSM based technology is that GSM based communication network is distributed over a large area and have almost reached to every part of this 21st century world. GSM technology also do provide users with high quality signal and channels, giving them access to high quality digital communication at reasonable cost. This embedded system can prove to be useful for anyone who wish to monitor the quality of air at a location without being physically present there .The main advantages of the research are that the system may be able to collect the pollution levels throughout the 24 hours of the day and that the data so collected may serve as a data base which can be used for various analysis whenever required .The system may offer pollutant levels of a particular industry and this estimation may serve as an enchiridion to the government for allowing or disallowing a particular industry to be set up in a particular area

Real-Time Urban Weather Observations for Urban Air Mobility

Cities of the future will have to overcome congestion, air pollution and increasing infrastructure cost while moving more people and goods smoothly, efficiently and in an eco-friendly manner. Urban air mobility (UAM) is expected to be an integral component of achieving this new type of city. This is a new environment for sustained aviation operations. The heterogeneity of the urban fabric and the roughness elements within it create a unique environment where flight conditions can change frequently across very short distances. UAM vehicles with their lower mass, more limited thrust and slower speeds are especially sensitive to these conditions. Since traditional aviation weather products for observations and forecasts at an airport on the outskirts of a metropolitan area do not translate well to the urban environment, weather data for low-altitude urban airspace is needed and will be particularly critical for unlocking the full potential of UAM. To help address this need, crowdsourced weather data from sources prevalent in urban areas offer the opportunity to create dense meteorological observation networks in support of UAM. This paper considers a variety of potential observational sources and proposes a cyber-physical system architecture, including an incentive-based crowdsensing application, which empowers UAM weather forecasting and operations

A framework for the estimation of air quality by applying meteorological images: Colours-of-the-Wind (COLD)

This paper presents a new framework, “colours-of-the-wind” (COLD), which is designed to estimate air quality based on images from meteorological cameras, data analytics techniques, and the application of deep learning. Existing air quality estimation systems mainly rely on physical monitoring stations, which are limited by the monitoring stations’ physical constraints. Instead of collecting data from environmental monitoring stations, COLD collects air quality data from meteorological cameras. This approach can collect data from any location where a camera could capture a reliable image, which is otherwise not collectable by the physical environmental monitoring station(s). This approach can also avoid bias due to the location of data collection. The system is evaluated by building a prototype based on the Air Quality Health Index from the Hong Kong Observatory. This is one of the unique data-analytic frameworks based on such air quality measurement. The COLD’s air quality estimation is also based on AQHI, the first machine learning-based estimation framework that generates AQHI as the proposed output. Experimental results suggest that the approach adopted by the COLD prototype is feasible and has some promising outcomes. The results also suggest possible parameters for the CNN model used for the training and analyses of the images

Implementations of Wireless and Wired Intelligent Systems for Healthcare with Focus on Diabetes and Ultrasound Applications

The research and implementations presented in this thesis focuses mainly on healthcare applications utilizing the wireless and wired communication and “Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems” (MEMS) technologies, and secondly on security aspects. Chapters four and five presents new work in intelligent diabetes remote monitoring front-end system and into the corresponding new ultrasound simulator training systems. The motivation from the University of Sheffield of Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department and Sheffield Children Hospital with the partial grant scholarship from “Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council” (EPSRC) for involvement in one “Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care” (CLAHRC) projects, was to improve the existing WithCare+ system and also the development of multiple new front-end solutions for it. My motivation to create solutions which will improve the life of patients who suffer from chronic disease such as type-1 diabetes, and also to provide new methods in management of that illness by clinicians and possible resulting annual government money saving, drives me to the successful result. From the other side, the motivation from the department of Neonatal in Sheffield Royal Hallamshire Hospital and the University of Sheffield of Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department drives me to the creation of a new, very low cost ultrasound simulation training system, using new components such as MEMS sensors. The hardware design and embedded source code was created in order to provide a ready library, for use by other projects, where 3D space orientation is required through exploitation of MEMS sensors and intelligent fusion filter algorithm. The third contribution affects the cryptographic aspects. The new implementation of fast and very efficient portable C code algorithm for t-adic NAF Key generation in ECC cryptographic principle for utilization of it with Koblitz curves presented in Appendix I

Perchlorate Bioremediation: Controlling Media Loss in Ex-Situ Fluidized Bed Reactors and In-Situ Biological Reduction by Slow-Release Electron Donor

The main concern of perchlorate exposure through drinking water is its effects on the production of thyroid hormone, which is important for human metabolism and child’s brain development. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has listed perchlorate in the contaminant list as well as in the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring rule. The extent of perchlorate contamination can be categorized by the level of contamination into parts per million (ppm) levels, typically in locations where perchlorate was manufactured, and parts per billion (ppb) levels where perchlorate was used for various purposes. Ion-exchange is generally adopted for treating ppb levels of perchlorate while biological reduction, bioremediation, is preferred for treating ppm level contamination. This dissertation focuses on two important but not completely researched issues related to ex-situ and in-situ perchlorate biodegradation: (a) Use of digital image as a tool to determine appropriate backwashing frequency for fluidized bed reactor (FBR) used to treat perchlorate contaminated waters, (b) Feasibility of using a slow release electron donor, emulsified oil, to support in-situ degradation of perchlorate in groundwater with slow and fast hydraulic conductivities. To address the first issue, two FBRs were built using five feet long and half inch diameter transparent plexiglass columns. Activated carbon was used as media and synthetic solutions containing 100 ppb, 100 ppm, and 10 ppm perchlorate were used. A high resolution camera was mounted targeting the operating zone of the FBR and pictures were taken at interval of 1.5 hours. The digital pictures were analyzed using the image processing tool, ImageJ. A biofilm model was developed and its simulated results were used to determine theoretical frequencies to backwash the filters so to avoid media loss. To address the second issue, four 5-foot long and 2.5-inch diameter column bioreactors were used to simulate saturated groundwater zones with fast and slow groundwater velocities. Soil and plastic rings were used as media to simulate slow and fast velocities, respectively. The results revealed that the biofilm model predicted backwashing times that were very close to those observed using digital imaging. For the first FBR run, backwashing time forecasted using biomass growth, in perchlorate fed batch bioreactors, was in agreement with the other two methods used. However, the biomass growth data was unable to simulate similar backwashing for the second and third runs in the FBRs. The result of FBR operation indicates that images processed with the ImageJ closely represented the height of the expanded media in the FBR, and hence it can be used to decide backwashing frequency. A good agreement was found between the backwashing needs encountered in the FBR runs and those forecasted using the biofilm model. For the testing of slow release electron donor, emulsified oil was proven to be an effective slow release electron donor to degrade nitrate and perchlorate in saturated groundwater zones. The removal of perchlorate required acclimation time while nitrate degraded almost immediately. Perchlorate degradation was highly impacted by high hydraulic conductivities (i.e. smaller contact time). Perchlorate degradation commenced after nitrate levels decreased to less than 0.5 mg/L. On the other hand, once a significant amount of biomass has been built into the system, degradation of both perchlorate and nitrate took place. It was found that the extent of degradation is dependent upon the relative amounts of perchlorate and nitrate present, the amount of electron donor present, and the residence time