Defining the Nation: Kurdish Historiography in Turkey in the 1990s

This article examines Kurdish historiography in Turkey in the 1990s. It centres on the question how the national community is historicised via central myths, especially for the pre-Islamic periods. As a source basis writings of members of the intellectual elite which are published in newspapers are used. This article argues that identity in the Kurdish society is currently mainly constructed around an ethnic history, which assumes Kurdishness to be constant and which is based on a dichotomy between barbarism and civilisation. The discursive space for this historiography is mainly determined by Turkish national discourse in its popular version. Finally, a comparative outlook with the Iraqi case is suggested

Nationalist Movements in the Balkans and Ottoman Government

The 19th century was a century where the Balkans were reshaping by ideological and cultural polarisation. Until this century, the Ottoman Empire have maintained its multireligious, multilingual and multicultural structure without a problem. However in this century, the nationalist uprisings have caused a change in the Empire’s borders, leading to a Balkan region where Ottoman Empire has almost no presence. Notions that came with the French revolution such as freedom, motherland, nation and the policies of major European states have also affected the separation process.  It would be possible to divide Ottoman foreign policy at the time into three eras. The first era is the time until 1865 was the time where the Empire was no longer unrivalled. The second era until 1878, was the era where the Empire guaranteed its territorial integrity and independence via Paris Peace Treaty in 1856. And finally the third era between 1878 and 1908 mainly focused on the balance policies to preserve its territorial integrity. In this era where the Empire was unsettled and vulnerable against interference the policies were based on integrity of the state. Ottoman state governors have tried to attune to the European system which was formed by 1815 Vienna Congress. They have seen internal and external administration as a whole and seeked for a new political culture and identity that can coexist with traditional and western values. They have tried activating the connective power of religion and use religion as a common bonding factor against attacks from Europe. As an external policy, a balance policy that works with the rising powers of the era and makes use of the adverse interests masterfully was being followed.  After the 1877-1878 Ottoman Russian War, as a result of the immigration policies, the situation of the Muslim community was a determinant in the formation of new policies. Railways were used both as a tool of development and external policy. While keeping diplomacy in the foreground, blocks, polarisation and wars were avoided. These policies were not enough to save the state, however extended the life of it.          This study primarily puts emphasis on notions related to nationalism. Furthermore it aims to explore the Balkan nationalism, which led to the end of the Ottoman Empire and characteristics of the Ottoman state policies at the time

Efektivitas Manajemen Keuangan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) Melalui Pendekatan Balanced Scorecard Kinerja Yayasan Pada MI Attaqwa 13 Babelan Tahun 2018 – 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah Efektivitas dalam manajemen keuangan Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) di MI Attaqwa 13 Babelan mempengaruhi tingkat kinerja sekolah tersebut. Variabel ini menggunakan metode pendekatan Balanced Scorecard sehingga dapat mengintegrasikan berbagai ukuran dan dapat mendorong kinerja finansial berupa perspektif yang dilaksanakan secara eksplisit dan akurat kedalam tujuan dan ukuran yang nyata. Untuk mendapatkan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode wawancara dan kuisioner. Sumber data yang digunakan yaitu sumber data primer. Teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data ini menggunakan tehnik wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi dan kuisioner. Metode yang digunakan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa efektivitas manajemen keuangan Bantuan operasional Sekolah MI Attaqwa 13 Babelan melalui pendekatan Balanced Scorecard kinerja yayasan sudah dalam kategori baik

Islamic support on the westernization policy in the Ottoman empire : making Mahmud II a reformer Caliph-Sultan by Islamic virtue tradition

In this article we dealt with the relations between the state and religion / Islam and its interpreters i.e., the ulama, their needs each other. As a case, with an original source, we focused on the time of the Mahmud II (1808-1839) The Ottoman reforms of the nineteenth century is reconciliation between Islam and Western civili-sation. In this process the ulama played key role by commenting Islam accordance with the need of the age or of the Ottoman Empire. The reformers, chiefly the Sultan and his close friends needed the support of the ulama to legitimate their reform programmes In this crucial stage the head of the ulama the Shaykhulislam, used his own religious knowledge and influence, derived from his office by writing a treatise to persuade the masses to accept the reforms. Applying the traditional virtue literature on the Ottoman dynasty he presented in this pamphlet one of the Western-minded Ottoman sultans as an ideal caliph-sultan. This attitude helped to transform the middle-aged Ottoman political structure and society into modern ages in Western line

Suffragettes of the empire, daughters of the republic: women auto/biographers narrate national history (1918-1935)

AbstractThis paper explores modes of autobiographical writing by female authors in the early republican period. Women's autobiographies draw a strict distinction between the narration of the private and the public self, as they promote the narration of the undomestic, professional self at the expense of the private. Ironically, even if the autobiographers in question were politically active in suffrage, women's autobiographies either do not represent the authors' involvement in such campaigns, or praise state feminism for granting emancipation. “Personal is political” only becomes a maxim for a later generation of women writers, with autobiographies and autobiographical novels of the post-1970 period underscoring the importance of exploring the subjectivity of the adult woman/narrator. More recent examples of auto/biographical writing blur the boundaries between private and public and narrate gendered accounts of republican history.</jats:p

Women's bodies, demography, and public health: abortion policy and perspectives in the Ottoman Empire of the nineteenth century

This article discusses the anti-abortion policy of the Ottoman state between 1789 and 1908, taking into account legal changes, demographic policies, new sanitary measures and proto-nationalistic agenda of the ruling elite