Combined electric applications in transport

Maximizing the efficiency in transport vehicles will be a necessity. This may be realized by introducing a power electronic conversion between the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and the wheels. Hence the ICE may be used at its maximal efficiency point. One still can choose the kind of fuel: liquid or gas hydrocarbons, hydrogen, alcohol. The ICE delivers electrical power by means of a high efficiency generator and rectifier Further on one can recover electrical energy from the exhaust thermal power by means of a bottom cycle. A solution is to use an organic rankine cycle for this. The motion itself is done by high efficiency converters and permanent magnet motors. One can reduce gear losses while using direct drive wheel motors. In ships one can also optimise the propeller and the number of propellers

Research on the structure of a new type of multi party bicycle system

at present, many people’s gathering bicycles suitable for scenic spots, parks and pedestrian streets are popular abroad, but they have not been introduced in China. Based on the analysis of foreign multi person bicycles, this paper improves the suspension device, steering device, transmission device, braking device and parking device of bicycle vehicles, so as to improve the ability of multi person gathering bicycles to adapt to diff erent road conditions and the safety, reliability and comfort in the process of riding. The research results are expected to provide reference for the development of multi-party bicycles in China

Integrating heterogeneous distributed COTS discrete-event simulation packages: An emerging standards-based approach

This paper reports on the progress made toward the emergence of standards to support the integration of heterogeneous discrete-event simulations (DESs) created in specialist support tools called commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) discrete-event simulation packages (CSPs). The general standard for heterogeneous integration in this area has been developed from research in distributed simulation and is the IEEE 1516 standard The High Level Architecture (HLA). However, the specific needs of heterogeneous CSP integration require that the HLA is augmented by additional complementary standards. These are the suite of CSP interoperability (CSPI) standards being developed under the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO-http://www.sisostds.org) by the CSPI Product Development Group (CSPI-PDG). The suite consists of several interoperability reference models (IRMs) that outline different integration needs of CSPI, interoperability frameworks (IFs) that define the HLA-based solution to each IRM, appropriate data exchange representations to specify the data exchanged in an IF, and benchmarks termed CSP emulators (CSPEs). This paper contributes to the development of the Type I IF that is intended to represent the HLA-based solution to the problem outlined by the Type I IRM (asynchronous entity passing) by developing the entity transfer specification (ETS) data exchange representation. The use of the ETS in an illustrative case study implemented using a prototype CSPE is shown. This case study also allows us to highlight the importance of event granularity and lookahead in the performance and development of the Type I IF, and to discuss possible methods to automate the capture of appropriate values of lookahead

A STUDY OF TORQUE VECTORING AND TRACTION CONTROL FOR AN ALL-WHEEL DRIVE ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Common vehicle always experience energy loss during cornering manoeuver. Thus, to ensure it did not happened especially at high speed, a study of torque vectoring and traction control need to be made since it can increase the traction control of tyres during cornering at high speed. The study of torque vectoring and traction control for an all-wheel drive electric vehicle was conducted by modelling an all-wheel drive EV in ADAMS/Car software. In addition, an optimal control algorithm will be developed for best performance to minimize energy losses using MATLAB/Simulink software. Furthermore, to prove the effectiveness of the all-wheel drive electric, the torque and traction control simulation of the all-wheel drive electric vehicle will be compared with uncontrolled electric vehicle model. According to the result, torque vectoring and traction control of in-wheel motor in all wheel drive EV can help to increase the performance of the electric vehicle during cornering manoeuver. In conclusion, this study of torque vectoring and traction control for an all-wheel drive electric vehicle will help researchers to improvise the design of the future electric vehicle in term of the vehicle performance during cornering manoeuvre

Design of a vehicle for the World Solar Challenge

This project focuses on designing a theoretical prototype for the World Solar Challenge (WSC) that emphasizes energy efficiency, innovation, and sustainability. Extensive research and analysis of previous WSC designs have led to the development of a cutting-edge solar-powered vehicle prototype. The design incorporates a jet fighter airfoil, specifically the F15, to reduce drag, as well as lightweight carbon fiber materials and advanced Gallium arsenide solar panels. The prototype prioritizes energy efficiency by optimizing energy conversion and storage using a combination of Li-Ion batteries and a supercapacitors, ensuring sustained power supply even under challenging conditions. Compliance with regulations regarding security, ergonomics, and the environment is also a critical aspect of the design. Sustainability is a key consideration, as the solar-powered vehicle produces zero emissions during driving, thanks to the utilization of renewable energy sources. The vehicle achieves high speeds with minimal power consumption, employing a motor that combines axial and radial motor properties, resulting in a high initial torque and capable of maintaining speeds of around 100 km/h without overloading the motor. The aerodynamic analysis, performed using a detailed 3D design, yields an exceptional drag coefficient of 0.09819165, significantly surpassing that of the best commercial cars. The precise 3D model enables calculations of the center of mass and total mass, allowing a force diagram, and an analysis of the rear swingarm, and reducing its weight by 72%. Finally, a model has been created to provide a clear visualization and demonstration of the project's design achievements

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A RUNNING CHASSIS FOR A SIMPLE VEHICLE (BRAKE, SUSPENSION, STEERING SYSTEM)

As the name implies, a simple vehicle can be describe as vehicle which only has a few parts, doesn't have a complicated design, doesn't involve complex machinery, and easy to operate. Although simple, each and every component must be properly built to achieve certain purposes of the vehicle, including the running chassis. It comprises of braking system, suspension system, and steering system. A poorly designed running chassis would cause an uncomfortable ride of the vehicle, instability especially during comer, and eventually low fuel efficiency. The objective of this project was to produce braking system that can give adequate braking, rigid suspension system that can bear the whole weight of the vehicle and give stability to the vehicle and its cargo, and also a rigid and light steering system. They were achieved by conducting research and calculations, experimenting on different setups (trial and error) method and also research about local market availability of the required products. The vehicle's brake was tested both under static and dynamic brake test. Due to all calculations and modifications done to the vehicle, it could be stopped at a 30° inclined slope both using the front brakes and rear brakes individually. Under dynamic test, the vehicle can be stopped in Jess than 5m when the vehicle was driven at a speed of 25 km!h. The brake was also easier and less tiring to operate than the previous configuration thanks to foot operated brakes. Better parts tolerance was achieved due to better design and fabrication process. It reduced the clattering and eases the general operations, especially after proper usage of grease. A newly ergonomic and space efficient driving position was also achieved by simulating it digitally until a satisfying design was achieved. Lastly, the current vehicle can be controlled easily by having a steering ratio of 0.815:1, or also called fast ratio, which is desired for simple vehicle with limited cockpit space

Biomechanical and physiological differences between synchronous and asynchronous low intensity handcycling during practice-based learning in able-bodied men

BACKGROUND: Originally, the cranks of a handcycle were mounted with a 180° phase shift (asynchronous). However, as handcycling became more popular, the crank mode switched to a parallel mounting (synchronous) over the years. Differences between both modes have been investigated, however, not into great detail for propulsion technique or practice effects. Our aim is to compare both crank modes from a biomechanical and physiological perspective, hence considering force and power production as a cause of physiological outcome measures. This is done within a practice protocol, as it is expected that motor learning takes place in the early stages of handcycling in novices. METHODS: Twelve able-bodied male novices volunteered to take part. The experiment consisted of a pre-test, three practice sessions and a post-test, which was subsequently repeated for both crank modes in a counterbalanced manner. In each session the participants handcycled for 3 × 4 minutes on a leveled motorized treadmill at 1.94 m/s. Inbetween sessions were 2 days of rest. 3D forces, handlebar and crank angle were measured on the left hand side. Kinematic markers were placed on the handcycle to monitor the movement on the treadmill. Lastly, breath-by-breath spirometry combined with heart-rate were continuously measured. The effects of crank mode and practice-based learning were analyzed using a two way repeated measures ANOVA, with synchronous vs asynchronous and pre-test vs post-test as within-subject factors. RESULTS: In the pre-test, asynchronous handcycling was less efficient than synchronous handcycling in terms of physiological strain, force production and timing. At the post-test, the metabolic costs were comparable for both modes. The force production was, also after practice, more efficient in the synchronous mode. External power production, crank rotation velocity and the distance travelled back and forwards on the treadmill suggest that asynchronous handcycling is more constant throughout the cycle. CONCLUSIONS: As the metabolic costs were reduced in the asynchronous mode, we would advise to include a practice period, when comparing both modes in scientific experiments. For handcycle users, we would currently advise a synchronous set-up for daily use, as the force production is more effective in the synchronous mode, even after practice

Single Arm Recumbent Bicycle

The goal of this report is to outline and cover the scope of work for the Single Arm Recumbent Bicycle Senior Project. The report will give an introduction of the problem, a background of the existing research or products relating to our project, the objectives of our project, our project management plan, our final design, manufacturing, testing, our project management, and final recommendations for improving the final design. The team is being supported by the Quality of Life Program, a non-profit organization that works to improve the lives of those injured in duty while serving our nation. Up until now, there have been no bikes developed for single arm triple amputees without the aid of prostheses. Nick Kimmel, a former marine, would like to join a group of firefighters participating in a charity bike ride from Seattle, Washington to Boulder, Colorado. This fundraising event is in support of the Gary Sinise Foundation which provides mortgage-free specially adapted smart homes to wounded veterans free of charge. In order to participate, Nick requires a bike that accommodates use with only one arm and no prosthetics. Currently, Nick, a triple amputee, is equipped with a hand-powered recumbent bicycle. However, since the bike is designed to be operated with two arms, Nick is not able to steer the bike properly, and in turn, strains his body. In addition, Nick intends to use the bike without the use of prosthetics because they overheat his body and inhibit his performance. For this reason, our group is tasked with developing a single-arm recumbent bicycle that has fully functioning steering, shifting, and braking while also being reliable and durable enough to handle a 1000-mile challenge, all without the use of prosthetics. This report presents all work done by the team over the course of this project. The Cal Poly senior project is focused on the process so you will see a lot of design tools in use throughout this report that our group used to assist us in our journey through the design process. This process includes tools such as decision matrices, Gantt charts, concept prototypes, testing, and even a total redesign for our project after getting feedback from our challenger, Nick

Research and Implement of PMSM Regenerative Braking Control for Electric Vehicle

As the society pays more and more attention to the environment pollution and energy crisis, the electric vehicle (EV) development also entered in a new era. With the development of motor speed control technology and the improvement of motor performance, although the dynamic performance and economical cost of EVs are both better than the internal-combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), the driving range limit and charging station distribution are two major problems which limit the popularization of EVs. In order to extend driving range for EVs, regenerative braking (RB) emerges which is able to recover energy during the braking process to improve the energy efficiency. This thesis aims to investigate the RB based pure electric braking system and its implementation. There are many forms of RB system such as fully electrified braking system and blended braking system (BBS) which is equipped both electric RB system and hydraulic braking (HB) system. In this thesis the main research objective is the RB based fully electrified braking system, however, RB system cannot satisfy all braking situation only by itself. Because the regenerating electromagnetic torque may be too small to meet the braking intention of the driver when the vehicle speed is very low and the regenerating electromagnetic torque may be not enough to stop the vehicle as soon as possible in the case of emergency braking. So, in order to ensure braking safety and braking performance, braking torque should be provided with different forms regarding different braking situation and different braking intention. In this thesis, braking torque is classified into three types. First one is normal reverse current braking when the vehicle speed is too low to have enough RB torque. Second one is RB torque which could recover kinetic energy by regenerating electricity and collecting electric energy into battery packs. The last braking situation is emergency where the braking torque is provided by motor plugging braking based on the optimal slip ratio braking control strategy. Considering two indicators of the RB system which are regenerative efficiency and braking safety, a trade-off point should be found and the corresponding control strategy should be designed. In this thesis, the maximum regenerative efficiency is obtained by a braking torque distribution strategy between front wheel and rear wheel based on a maximum available RB torque estimation method and ECE-R13 regulation. And the emergency braking performance is ensured by a novel fractional-order integral sliding mode control (FOISMC) and numerical simulations show that the control performance is better than the conventional sliding mode controller