Integration of traditional imaging, expert systems, and neural network techniques for enhanced recognition of handwritten information

Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-37).Research supported by the I.F.S.R.C. at M.I.T.Amar Gupta, John Riordan, Evelyn Roman

Handwritten numerical recognition based on multiple algorithms

In this paper, the authors combine two algorithms for application to the recognition of unconstrained isolated handwritten numerals. The first algorithm employs a modified quadratic discriminant function utilizing direction sensitive spatial features of the numeral image. The second algorithm utilizes features derived from the profile of the character in a structural configuration to recognize the numerals. While both algorithms yield very low error rates, the authors combine the two algorithms in different ways to study the best polling strategy and realize very low error rates (0.2% or less) and rejection rates below 4%.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/29653/1/0000742.pd

Matching of complex patterns by energy minimization

Two patterns are matched by putting one on top of the other and iteratively moving their individual parts until most of their corresponding parts are aligned. An energy function and a neighborhood of influence are defined for each iteration. Initially, a large neighborhood is used such that the movements result in global features being coarsely aligned. The neighborhood size is gradually reduced in successive iterations so that finer and finer details are aligned. Encouraging results have been obtained when applied to match complex Chinese characters. It has been observed that computation increases with the square of the number of moving parts which is quite favorable compared with other algorithms. The method was applied to the recognition of handwritten Chinese characters. After performing the iterative matching, a set of similarity measures are used to measure the similarity in topological features between the input and template characters. An overall recognition rate of 96.1% is achieved. © 1998 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

Hand-written English numeral recognition system using neural network

This thesis aims at implementing an algorithm for recognition of hand-written English numeral. Handwriting recognition has been one of the active and challenging research areas in the field of image processing and pattern recognition. In this thesis the digits are classified into two groups, one group comprises of blobs with/without stems and the other digits with stems only. The blobs are identified based on a new concept called morphological region filling technique. This eliminates the issue of finding the size of blobs and their structuring elements. This method completely eliminates the complex process of recognition of horizontal or vertical lines. This extracted feature will then classified with the help of neural network train tool. It is a faster English numeral recognition algorithm it uses part of the character instead of complete image

Chinese calligraphy: character style recognition based on full-page document

Calligraphy plays a very important role in the history of China. From ancient times to modern times, the beauty of calligraphy has been passed down to the present. Different calligraphy styles and structures have made calligraphy a beauty and embodiment in the field of writing. However, the recognition of calligraphy style and fonts has always been a blank in the computer field. The structural complexity of different calligraphy also brings a lot of challenges to the recognition technology of computers. In my research, I mainly discussed some of the main recognition techniques and some popular machine learning algorithms in this field for more than 20 years, trying to find a new method of Chinese calligraphy styles recognition and exploring its feasibility. In our research, we searched for research papers 20 years ago. Most of the results are about the content recognition of modern Chinese characters. At first, we analyze the development of Chinese characters and the basic Chinese character theory. In the analysis of the current recognition of Chinese characters (including handwriting online and offline) in the computer field, it is more important to analyze various algorithms and results, and to analyze how to use the experimental data, besides how they construct the data set used for their test. The research on the method of image processing based on Chinese calligraphy works is very limited, and the data collection for calligraphy test is very limited also. The test of dataset that used between different recognition technologies is also very different. However, it has far-reaching significance for inheriting and carrying forward the traditional Chinese culture. It is very necessary to develop and promote the recognition of Chinese characters by means of computer tecnchque. In the current application field, the font recognition of Chinese calligraphy can effectively help the library administrators to identify the problem of the classification of the copybook, thus avoiding the recognition of the calligraphy font which is difficult to perform manually only through subjective experience. In the past 10 years of technology, some techniques for the recognition of single Chinese calligraphy fonts have been given. Most of them are the pre-processing of calligraphy characters, the extraction of stroke primitives, the extraction of style features, and the final classification of machine learning. The probability of the classification of the calligraphy works. Such technical requirements are very large for complex Chinese characters, the result of splitting and recognition is very large, and it is difficult to accurately divide many complex font results. As a result, the recognition rate is low, or the accuracy of recognition of a specific word is high, but the overall font recognition accuracy is low. We understand that Chinese calligraphy is a certain research value. In the field of recognition, many research papers on the analysis of Chinese calligraphy are based on the study of calligraphy and stroke. However, we have proposed a new method for dealing with font recognition. The recognition technology is based on the whole page of the document. It is studied in three steps: the first step is to use Fourier transform and some Chinese calligraphy images and analyze the results. The second is that CNN is based on different data sets to get some results. Finally, we made some improvements to the CNN structure. The experimental results of the thesis show that the full-page documents recognition method proposed can achieve high accuracy with the support of CNN technology, and can effectively identify the different styles of Chinese calligraphy in 5 styles. Compared with the traditional analysis methods, our experimental results show that the method based on the full-page document is feasible, avoiding the cumbersome font segmentation problem. This is more efficient and more accurate

The conceptual design of Malaysia geopostcode and its implementation issues

The study of Malaysia Geopostcode structure has been done by Wan Mohamad Nazmeen et al. (2015) and Nur Baizura (2015). Their study area covered the states of Johor Bahru (Othman et al. , 2015), Kuala Lumpur and Selangor (Napiah, 2015). They proposed the structure to be in eight alphanumerical characters. The structure by Wan Mohamad Nazmeen et al. (2015), Nur Baizura (2015) and this study was named as Geopostcode V1, Geopostcode V2 (Napiah, 2015) and Geopostcode V3 respectively. Geopostcode V1, Geopostcode V2 and the potential Geopostcode V3 structure being presented to the stakeholders in order to collect their perceptions on these Malaysia Geopostcode structures. Geopostcode V3 was designed by considering the administrative boundaries for every state in Malaysia and enhanced according to the input from the interviews with the stakeholders. The issues in Malaysia Geopostcode implementation have also been discussed. The structure of Geopostcode V3 has been shortened to seven characters. On top of that, the implementation issues are ranked in order to determine the biggest issues in Malaysia Geopostcode Implementation. The methodology of interviewing the stakeholders, analysing and designing the Malaysia Geopostcode are presented in this report. The final product from this study is the enhanced Malaysia Geopostcode structure which look suitable to be used for every states in Malaysia and the biggest issues in Malaysia Geopostcode implementation

A novel approach to handwritten character recognition

A number of new techniques and approaches for off-line handwritten character recognition are presented which individually make significant advancements in the field. First. an outline-based vectorization algorithm is described which gives improved accuracy in producing vector representations of the pen strokes used to draw characters. Later. Vectorization and other types of preprocessing are criticized and an approach to recognition is suggested which avoids separate preprocessing stages by incorporating them into later stages. Apart from the increased speed of this approach. it allows more effective alteration of the character images since more is known about them at the later stages. It also allows the possibility of alterations being corrected if they are initially detrimental to recognition. A new feature measurement. the Radial Distance/Sector Area feature. is presented which is highly robust. tolerant to noise. distortion and style variation. and gives high accuracy results when used for training and testing in a statistical or neural classifier. A very powerful classifier is therefore obtained for recognizing correctly segmented characters. The segmentation task is explored in a simple system of integrated over-segmentation. Character classification and approximate dictionary checking. This can be extended to a full system for handprinted word recognition. In addition to the advancements made by these methods. a powerful new approach to handwritten character recognition is proposed as a direction for future research. This proposal combines the ideas and techniques developed in this thesis in a hierarchical network of classifier modules to achieve context-sensitive. off-line recognition of handwritten text. A new type of "intelligent" feedback is used to direct the search to contextually sensible classifications. A powerful adaptive segmentation system is proposed which. when used as the bottom layer in the hierarchical network. allows initially incorrect segmentations to be adjusted according to the hypotheses of the higher level context modules

A novel approach to handwritten character recognition

A number of new techniques and approaches for off-line handwritten character recognition are presented which individually make significant advancements in the field. First. an outline-based vectorization algorithm is described which gives improved accuracy in producing vector representations of the pen strokes used to draw characters. Later. Vectorization and other types of preprocessing are criticized and an approach to recognition is suggested which avoids separate preprocessing stages by incorporating them into later stages. Apart from the increased speed of this approach. it allows more effective alteration of the character images since more is known about them at the later stages. It also allows the possibility of alterations being corrected if they are initially detrimental to recognition. A new feature measurement. the Radial Distance/Sector Area feature. is presented which is highly robust. tolerant to noise. distortion and style variation. and gives high accuracy results when used for training and testing in a statistical or neural classifier. A very powerful classifier is therefore obtained for recognizing correctly segmented characters. The segmentation task is explored in a simple system of integrated over-segmentation. Character classification and approximate dictionary checking. This can be extended to a full system for handprinted word recognition. In addition to the advancements made by these methods. a powerful new approach to handwritten character recognition is proposed as a direction for future research. This proposal combines the ideas and techniques developed in this thesis in a hierarchical network of classifier modules to achieve context-sensitive. off-line recognition of handwritten text. A new type of "intelligent" feedback is used to direct the search to contextually sensible classifications. A powerful adaptive segmentation system is proposed which. when used as the bottom layer in the hierarchical network. allows initially incorrect segmentations to be adjusted according to the hypotheses of the higher level context modules

Recognition system for unconstrained handwritten numerals

In this paper, we present a recognition system of unconstrained handwritten numerals . We describe all essential stages to it s elaboration . We approach the first phase of all recognition system : the extraction of the primitives . A structure that use th e skeleton of the numeral is used to extract rapidly 55 binary primitives . We specify a method that allows to determine the transmitted information about the primitives on the problem of the recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals . Information transmitted by each primitive providing a criterion allowing to generate a binary decision tree . This criterion is used to select in each nod e the best primitive . The obtained classifier does not use the totality of 55 binary primitives but solely those that have been retaine d during the phase of identification of the decision tree . We present an original reject criterion that allows to increase performances of the recognition system . Finally, We describe the database of American handwritting numerals that serves to test the classifier . We demonstrate the performance of our system with this database .Nous présentons dans cet article un système de reconnaissance de chiffres manuscrits hors lignes, en décrivant toutes les étapes essentielles à son élaboration. Nous abordons d'abord la première phase de tout système de reconnaissance: l'extraction de primitives. Une représentation structurée construite à partir du squelette du chiffre est utilisée pour extraire rapidement un jeu de 55 primitives binaires. Nous précisons ensuite une méthode qui permet de déterminer l'information transmise par une primitive sur le problème de la reconnaissance des chiffres manuscrits hors lignes. L'information transmise par chaque primitive fournit un critère permettant de générer un arbre de décision binaire de manière complètement automatique. Ce critère est utilisé pour sélectionner au niveau de chaque noeud de l'arbre la primitive la plus informative sur le problème de reconnaissance associé au noeud en cours de traitement. Le classifieur obtenu n'utilise pas la totalité des 55 primitives binaires mais uniquement celles qui ont été retenues durant la phase d'identification de l'arbre de décision. Nous présentons ensuite un critère de rejet original qui permet d'augmenter les performances du système de reconnaissance de manière significative. Nous décrivons finalement la base de données de chiffres manuscrits américains qui sert à tester le classifieur. Nous donnons les résultats obtenus