Standard Precautions (Electronic Resource Review)

This article reviews a product that is no longer available on the market in 2015. The discussion of Standard Precautions and Universal Precautions standards is still accurate. (Author note, January 3, 2015

Modified vs. Standard Sternal Precautions

The poster examines standard and modified sternal precautions in pediatrics following a median sternotomy and the impact on developmental outcomes. The question our poster aims to answer includes, do modified sternal precautions improve developmental outcomes in children who underwent (median) sternotomy in a hospital setting compared to those with traditional sternal precautions? Through searching databases, the authors were able to gather articles providing evidence and information regarding modified vs. standard sternal precautions. Through the research, the authors concluded that there is further research needed on this topic in pediatric populations with the recommendation to proceed using caution due to no adverse effects mentioned

IMPROVING COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARD PRECAUTIONS AMONG MYANMAR NURSES BY USING HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

Abstract: Introduction: Occupational exposure to blood/body fluids is a serious concern for health care workers and presents major risk for the transmission of contagious infections. Standard Precaution is a life saving measure which is even more relevant as the number of people living with HIV/AIDS, HBV, HCV and other contagious diseases are measuring. The main objective of this study is to improve compliance with Standard Precautions by analyzing factors effecting on compliance with Standard Precautions. Method: A cross-sectional study design was used to formulate the strategic issues and focus group discussions were used to gather in-depth information directly based on strategic issues. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed in this study. Result: Almost three forth (73.5%) of participants had good compliance with Standard Precautions and (91.18%) participants had high knowledge on Standard Precautions. Among all variables, exposure to blood/body fluids, perceived susceptibility on infections, perceived benefits and perceived barriers on compliance with Standard Precautions statistically significant effect on compliance with Standard Precautions in this study. discussion: There is a satisfactory result for knowledge and compliance on Standard Precautions of Myanmar nurses in SHW. All health belief model sub-scales were significant effect on nurses’ compliance with Standard Precautions except perceived seriousness. After improving, post results also showed increased positive association. Regular and basis trainings, provision of both human and material resources in quality and quantity, regular reporting, follow-up, and assessment of occupational exposures needed to be introduced. Keywords: Standard Precautions, Compliance, Knowledge, Health Belief Model, Nurse

Pelaksanaan Universal Precautions oleh Perawat dan Pekerja Kesehatan (Studi Kasus di Rumah Sakit Islam Malang Unisma)

Universal precautions is important for prevention of nosocomial infections among patients and health care providers (especially hepatitis BIG and HIV/AIDS). The objective of this study was to determine implementation of universal precautions. This was a case study. Data were collected using interview and observations, at Rumah Sakit Islam Malang Unisma year 2005. There were ten nurses and assistant nurses working at hospital ward interviewed. Result of this study mdicated that in general the universal precautions had been implemented but not in accordance with the standard prosedure of universal precautions. Only 50% of the respondent practiced correctly hands washing and none hand gloves. All respondents did incorrect procedure for sterilizations of hand gloves and medical equipments. All needles were not decontaminated before disposal. Supporting facilities particularly the standard operating prosedure for umversal prosedure and pre service training were not available. It was concluded that the implementation of universal precautions were not match with the standard prosedure. So the potential risks of nosocomial infections cannot be reduced, in the other hand increase risks of hepatitis BIG and HIV/AIDS transmission among patient and health providers. The nurses and assistant nurses never got pre-service training for universal precautions by hospital management. Based on the results, it recomended to provide the standard prosedure of universal precautions and to train all health provider (nurses and assistant nurses) who deliver service in hospital ward to be able to implement universal precautions correctly. And it is necessary to conduct further study on implementation of universal precautions at health centers with inpatient ward and others hospital

A study on knowledge, attitude and practice of standard precautions among theatre personnel in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State

The aim of this descriptive non-experimental study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of standard precautions among theatre personnel of Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua (ISTH), Edo State, Nigeria, and to sensitize them on the need to comply with standard precautions. Using the simple random probability sampling technique, 30 respondents were selected from a total of 170 theatre personnel of ISTH, Irrua. The instrument of data collection was a well designed/pre-tested questionnaire, while data analysis was done using descriptive statistical tools –mean and percentages, including chi-square to test stated hypothesis. Results showed that 80% of the theater personnel had knowledge of standard precautions, while 83.3% had positive attitude towards it with 66.7% of the respondents complying with standard precautions. Over all, it was concluded that training and education are important in enhancing the knowledge and attitude of theatre personnel to standard precautions, as well as improving adherence to good clinical practices. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Theatre personnel, Standard Precaution

Evaluation of Standard Precautions Compliance Instruments: A Systematic Review Using COSMIN Methodology

Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are first-line strategies with a dual goal: to protect health care workers from occupational contamination while providing care to infected patients and to prevent/reduce health care-associated infections (HAIs). This study aimed at (1) identifying the instruments currently available for measuring healthcare professionals’ compliance with standard precautions; (2) evaluating their measurement properties; and (3) providing sound evidence for instrument selection for use by researchers, teachers, staff trainers, and clinical tutors. Methods: We carried out a systematic review to examine the psychometric properties of standard precautions self-assessment instruments in conformity with the COSMIN guidelines. The search was conducted on the databases PubMed, CINAHL, and APA PsycInfo. Results: Thirteen instruments were identified. These were classified into four categories of tools assessing: compliance with universal precautions, adherence to standard precautions, compliance with hand hygiene, and adherence to transmission-based guidelines and precautions. The psychometric properties of instruments and methodological approaches of the included studies were often not satisfactory. Only four instruments were classified as high-quality measurements. Conclusions: The available instruments that measure healthcare professionals’ compliance with standard precautions are of low-moderate quality. It is necessary that future research completes the validation processes undertaken for long-established and newly developed instruments, using higher-quality methods and estimating all psychometric properties

Investigating Compliance with Standard Precautions During Residency Physicians in Gynecology and Obstetrics

OBJECTIVES: Physician compliance with standard precautions is important in the specialty of gynecology and obstetrics because of the high frequency of invasive procedures. The current study investigated compliance with standard precautions among resident physicians working in gynecology and obstetrics. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted among resident physicians in gynecology and obstetrics in their first (R1), second (R2) and third (R3) years of residency at a teaching hospital in a city in São Paulo. A structured questionnaire that included demographic and professional aspects and the Standard Precautions Adherence Scale were used to collect data. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS version 20. Ethical aspects were considered. RESULTS: Fifty-eight resident physicians participated in the study. Of the enrolled participants, 27 (46.6%) were in R1, 12 (20.7%) were in R2 and 19 (32.8%) were in R3. The standard precautions compliance score was 4.1, which was classified as intermediate. There were no significant differences in the compliance scores of the resident physicians across the three years of residency (H=2.34, p=0.310). CONCLUSION: Compliance with standard precautions among resident physicians was intermediate. Preventive measures in clinical practice are not fully adopted in the specialty of gynecology and obstetrics. More important, many professionals claimed lack of sufficient training in standard precautions in the workplace. Such circumstances should draw the attention of hospital management with regard to occupational health risks

Analisis Penerapan Standard Precautions dalam Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Hais (Healthcare Associated Infections) di RSUD Raa Soewondo Pati

The incidence of Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs) is Surgical Site Infection (SSI) in RAA Soewondo Hospitals, Pati Regency on September 2015 is 3,09%, October 2015 is 3,44%, and December 2015 is 7,79%. Therefore, it is very important to apply Standard Precautions facilities because it proved to prevent transmission of infections associated with health care. This research is qualitative descriptive research aimed to analyze the application of standard precautions in the prevention and HAIs (Healthcare Associated Infections) control at RAA Soewondo Hospitals, Pati Regency. Data were collected by in-depth interview and observation non participatory method. The key informants of this research are IPCN. The triangulation informants are IPCLN and head of nursing units. The research results show that the standard precautions been socialized and applied in RAA Soewondo Hospitals, Pati Regency, but the level of several compliance still below standard. In planning, there are still undetermined performance indicators of components standard precautions. In organizing, there has been no a division of individual duties for all of the PPI committee members and still have constraints. There are barriers or obstacles in implementation, such as human behavior less adherent and less infrastructure. Monitoring and evaluation of standard precautions that the schedule only carried out when the audit is every quarter in a year and some components of standard precautions have not been audited. Suggestions in this research are to make more detailed regulations, according to the situation of the hospital; determine the distribution of individual duties to all members of the PPI committee in detail; improve monitoring or audit; make the system of reward, and increase the inadequate facilities

Breach Remedies, Performance Excuses, and Investment Incentives

Contract law is usually perceived as a strict liability system. When a promisor fails to perform he is held liable even if he is without fault. If, however, an unusual contingency has arisen he may be excused from performing provided that he has taken reasonable precautions. For a setting with uncertain costs of and benefits from performance, it is shown that a fixed price contract is sufficient to generate efficient reliance and precautions incentives under the following legal regime. If the promisor has met the appropriate precaution standard then he is excused if performance fails to be profitable. Alternative regimes, in contrast, where he is excused if performance is inefficient or even is extremely costly distort investment incentives quite generally

Perceived Barriers to Adherence to Standard Precautions among Healthcare Personnel Working in a Teaching Hospital of Palpa District, Nepal

Introduction: The present study aimed to find out the perceived barriers to adherence to standard precautions among healthcare personnel working in a teaching hospital of Palpa district. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 191 healthcare personnel in April 2019. Barriers to standard precautions adherence were evaluated using ‘Factors Influencing Adherence to Standard Precautions Scale’. Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test were applied to examine the association of selected demographic variables: age, educational background, duration of employment, working areas and having attended trainings related to standard precautions with the perceived barriers to standard precautions adherence. Results: The mean age of participants was 24.87±6.05 years. Most (85.3%) of participants were nurses.  19.9% and 52.4% of participants always performed hand hygiene before and after using personal protective equipment respectively. The subscale scores in leadership and culture of the institute were 14.86±4.21 (possible range 0-24) and 14.59±2.60 (possible range 0-20) respectively. Subscale scores in judgement and contextual cues were 17.49±3.46 (possible range 0-20) and 18.02±5 (possible range 0-24) respectively. Score in justification was 7.52±5.12 (possible range 0-28). Age, educational background and duration of employment had a statistically significant association with subscale scores on justification and perceived culture of the institution. Conclusion: The present study revealed that only 19.9% of the participants would perform hand hygiene before using gloves and 52.4% of participants would do it afterwards. Personal judgement, dependence on contextual cues and inadequate leadership skills were found to be the major barriers to adherence to standard precautions