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    닀쀑손가락 과제 μˆ˜ν–‰ μ‹œ μΈκ°„μ˜ 감각 및 인지 처리 κ³Όμ •μ˜ μ •λŸ‰ν™”

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ 체윑ꡐ윑과, 2021. 2. λ°•μž¬λ²”.The continuously varied states of human body and surrounding environment require instantaneous motor adaptations and the understanding of motor goal to achieve desired actions. These sensory and cognitive processes have been investigated as elements in motor control during last five decades. Specially, the task dependency on sensory and cognitive processes suggest the effects of movement properties in terms of environment situation and motor goal. However, these effects were mostly empirically summarized with the measurements of either neural activity or simple motor accomplishment unilaterally. The current thesis addresses the quantification of sensory and cognitive processes based on simultaneous measurements of brain activity and synergic motor performance during multi-digit actions with different movement properties. Multi-digit action as a representation of synergic movements has developed into a widespread agency to quantify the efficacy of motor control, as the reason applied in this thesis. In this thesis, multi-digit rotation and pressing tasks were performed with different movement directions, frequencies, feedback modalities, or task complexities. (Chapter 3) The changes of movement direction induced a decrease in motor synergy but regardless of which direction. (Chapter 4 and 5) Increased frequency of rhythmic movement reduced synergic motor performance associate with decreased sensory process and less efficient cognitive process. (Chapter 6) More comprehensive feedback modality improved synergic performance with increased sensory process. (Chapter 7) Increased movement complexity had a consistent but stronger effect as increased frequency on synergic performance and efficiency of cognitive process. These observations suggest that several movement properties affect the contributions of sensory and cognitive processes to motor control which can be quantified through either neural activity or synergic motor performance. Accordingly, those movement properties may be applied in the rehabilitation of motor dysfunction by developing new training programs or assistant devices. Additionally, it may be possible to develop a simplified while efficient method to estimate the contribution of sensory or cognitive process to motor control.μ‹œμ‹œκ°κ°μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 신체 μƒνƒœμ™€ μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½μ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© μ†μ—μ„œ μ•Œλ§žμ€ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 그에 λ”°λ₯Έ 즉각적인 μš΄λ™ 적응(motor adaptation) 과정와 과제 λͺ©ν‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μΈκ°„μ˜ 감각 및 인지 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •μ€ μš΄λ™ μ œμ–΄ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘Œλ‹€. 선행연ꡬ에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, μš΄λ™ κ³Όμ œμ— 따라 λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 감각 및 인지 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •μ€ μ£Όλ³€ ν™˜κ²½κ³Ό 과제의 λͺ©ν‘œμ— 따라 μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€κ³  λ³΄κ³ λ˜μ–΄μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 영ν–₯은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μš΄λ™κ³Όμ œ μˆ˜ν–‰ κ²°κ³Ό λ˜λŠ” μΈ‘μ •λœ μ‹ κ²½ ν™œλ™μ— μ˜ν•΄ κ²½ν—˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μš”μ•½λœ 결과에 κ΅­ν•œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ 논문은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ›€μ§μž„ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 가진 닀쀑 손가락 과제 μˆ˜ν–‰ μ‹œ, λ‡Œ ν™œλ™ (Brain activity)κ³Ό λ”λΆˆμ–΄ 손가락듀 κ°„μ˜ ν˜‘μ‘μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ μˆ˜ν–‰ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ™μ‹œ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ—¬ 과제의 νŠΉμ„±μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 감각 및 인지 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •μ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν–ˆλ‹€. 닀쀑 손가락 κ³Όμ œλŠ” μš΄λ™ μ œμ–΄μ˜ μ„±λŠ₯ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ μ •λŸ‰ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” λŒ€ν‘œμ μΈ κ³Όμ œλ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 쑰건의 μ›€μ§μž„ λ°©ν–₯, μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ μ£ΌκΈ°λΉˆλ„, 감각 ν”Όλ“œλ°± 양식 λ˜λŠ” 과제 λ‚œμ΄λ„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 닀쀑 손가락 νšŒμ „ λ™μž‘ 및 힘 생성 과제λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όλ‘œλŠ”, (문단 3) μ›€μ§μž„ λ°©ν–₯이 λ³€ν™”ν•˜κΈ° 전에 λ³€ν™”ν•  λ°©ν–₯에 상관없이 ν˜‘μ‘μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ μ•…ν™”λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. (문단 4와 5) μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ μ£ΌκΈ°λΉˆλ„κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν• μˆ˜λ‘ ν˜‘μ‘μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„μ΄ μ•…ν™”λμœΌλ©°, 이와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 감각 및 인지 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±λ„ κ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. (문단 6) 단일 감각 ν”Όλ“œλ°± μ œκ³΅μ‘°κ±΄μ— λΉ„ν•΄ 쒅합적인 감각 ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ€ μ¦κ°€λœ 감각 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν˜‘μ‘μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„μ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œμΌ°λ‹€. (문단 7) 과제의 λ‚œμ΄λ„κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν• μˆ˜λ‘ ν˜‘μ‘μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„κ³Ό 인지 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ€ κ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ μ£ΌκΈ°λΉˆλ„ 쑰건에 λΉ„ν•΄ 과제의 λ‚œμ΄λ„μ— 따라 ν˜‘μ‘μ μΈ μ›€μ§μž„κ³Ό 인지 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯은 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 더 크게 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ›€μ§μž„ νŠΉμ„±μ— λ”°λ₯Έ λ‡Œ ν™œλ™κ³Ό ν˜‘μ‘μ μΈ 과제 μˆ˜ν•΄ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 톡해 μš΄λ™ μ œμ–΄ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 감각 및 인지 μ²˜λ¦¬κ³Όμ •μ˜ 기여정도λ₯Ό μ •λŸ‰ν™”ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ μ›€μ§μž„ νŠΉμ„±μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 감각 및 인지 처리 κ³Όμ •μ˜ κΈ°μ—¬μ •λ„μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” μš΄λ™ κΈ°λŠ₯ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μž¬ν™œ ν›ˆλ ¨ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 및 μ›€μ§μž„ 보쑰 μž₯치λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ μΈ 근거둜 적용될 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 감각 λ˜λŠ” 인지 과정이 μš΄λ™ μ œμ–΄μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μΆ”μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 효율적인 방법을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ”λ° 도움이 될 것이닀.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Problem statement 1 1.2 Study objective 2 1.3 Organization of dissertation 3 Chapter 2. Background 6 2.1 Motor system 6 2.1.1 Ascending pathway 6 2.1.2 Descending pathway 8 2.1.3 Brain networks 9 2.2 Motor synergy 11 2.2.1 Synergy in performance 12 2.2.2 Synergy in muscles 13 2.2.3 Synergy in neurons 14 2.3 Motor control 15 2.1.1 Sensory process 16 2.1.2 Cognitive process 19 Chapter 3. Effect of movement direction: Multi-Finger Interaction and Synergies in Finger Flexion and Extension Force Production 23 3.1 Abstract 23 3.2 Introduction 24 3.3 Method 28 3.4 Results 35 3.4.1 Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and finger independency 36 3.4.2 Timing indices 37 3.4.3 Multi-finger synergy indices in mode space 39 3.4.4 Multi-finger synergy indices in force space 43 3.5 Discussion 44 3.5.1 Finger independency during finger flexion and extension 44 3.5.2 Multi-finger synergies in force and mode spaces 46 3.5.3 Anticipatory synergy adjustment 48 Chapter 4. Effect of Frequency: Brain Oxygenation Magnitude and Mechanical Outcomes during Multi-Digit Rhythmic Rotation Task 51 4.1 Abstract 51 4.2 Introduction 51 4.3 Methods 55 4.4 Results 61 4.4.1 PET imaging 61 4.4.2 Finger forces 62 4.4.3 UCM analysis 64 4.4.4 Correlation between neural activation and mechanics 65 4.5 Discussion 66 4.5.1 Regions involved in feedback 67 4.5.2 Regions involved in feedforward 69 4.5.3 Corporation of feedforward and feedback 71 4.6 Conclusions 72 Chapter 5. Effect of frequency: Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation during Multi-Digit Rhythmic Pressing Actions using fNIRS 74 5.1 Abstract 74 5.2 Introduction 74 5.3 Method 77 5.4 Results 84 5.4.1 Performance 84 5.4.2 Multi-digit coordination indices 84 5.4.3 Functional connectivity (FC) 87 5.5 Discussion 88 5.6 Conclusion 91 Chapter 6. Effect of Sensory Modality: Multi-Sensory Integration during Multi-Digit Rotation Task with Different Frequency 92 6.1 Abstract 92 6.2 Introduction 92 6.3 Method 94 6.4 Results 100 6.4.1 Performance 100 6.4.2 Multi-digit coordination indices 101 6.5 Discussion 101 6.6 Conclusion 103 Chapter 7. Effect of Task Complexity: Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation during Multi-Digit Pressing Actions with Different Frequency Components 104 7.1 Abstract 104 7.2 Introduction 104 7.3 Method 106 7.4 Results 112 7.4.1 Performance 112 7.4.2 Multi-finger coordination indices 113 7.4.3 Functional connectivity (FC) 114 7.5 Discussion 115 7.5.1 Relation between Frequency and task complexity 115 7.5.2 Cognitive process in motor control 116 7.5.3 Relation between motor coordination and cognitive process 118 7.6 Conclusion 119 Chapter 8. Conclusions and Future Work 120 8.1 Summary of conclusions 120 8.2 Future work 121 Bibliography 122 Abstract in Korean 160Docto
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