189,119 research outputs found
Will SDN be part of 5G?
For many, this is no longer a valid question and the case is considered
settled with SDN/NFV (Software Defined Networking/Network Function
Virtualization) providing the inevitable innovation enablers solving many
outstanding management issues regarding 5G. However, given the monumental task
of softwarization of radio access network (RAN) while 5G is just around the
corner and some companies have started unveiling their 5G equipment already,
the concern is very realistic that we may only see some point solutions
involving SDN technology instead of a fully SDN-enabled RAN. This survey paper
identifies all important obstacles in the way and looks at the state of the art
of the relevant solutions. This survey is different from the previous surveys
on SDN-based RAN as it focuses on the salient problems and discusses solutions
proposed within and outside SDN literature. Our main focus is on fronthaul,
backward compatibility, supposedly disruptive nature of SDN deployment,
business cases and monetization of SDN related upgrades, latency of general
purpose processors (GPP), and additional security vulnerabilities,
softwarization brings along to the RAN. We have also provided a summary of the
architectural developments in SDN-based RAN landscape as not all work can be
covered under the focused issues. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on
the state of the art of SDN-based RAN and clearly points out the gaps in the
technology.Comment: 33 pages, 10 figure
The Cyborg Astrobiologist: Testing a Novelty-Detection Algorithm on Two Mobile Exploration Systems at Rivas Vaciamadrid in Spain and at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah
(ABRIDGED) In previous work, two platforms have been developed for testing
computer-vision algorithms for robotic planetary exploration (McGuire et al.
2004b,2005; Bartolo et al. 2007). The wearable-computer platform has been
tested at geological and astrobiological field sites in Spain (Rivas
Vaciamadrid and Riba de Santiuste), and the phone-camera has been tested at a
geological field site in Malta. In this work, we (i) apply a Hopfield
neural-network algorithm for novelty detection based upon color, (ii) integrate
a field-capable digital microscope on the wearable computer platform, (iii)
test this novelty detection with the digital microscope at Rivas Vaciamadrid,
(iv) develop a Bluetooth communication mode for the phone-camera platform, in
order to allow access to a mobile processing computer at the field sites, and
(v) test the novelty detection on the Bluetooth-enabled phone-camera connected
to a netbook computer at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah. This systems
engineering and field testing have together allowed us to develop a real-time
computer-vision system that is capable, for example, of identifying lichens as
novel within a series of images acquired in semi-arid desert environments. We
acquired sequences of images of geologic outcrops in Utah and Spain consisting
of various rock types and colors to test this algorithm. The algorithm robustly
recognized previously-observed units by their color, while requiring only a
single image or a few images to learn colors as familiar, demonstrating its
fast learning capability.Comment: 28 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in the International
Journal of Astrobiolog
Troping the Enemy: Metaphor, Culture, and the Big Data Black Boxes of National Security
This article considers how cultural understanding is being brought into the work of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), through an analysis of its Metaphor program. It examines the type of social science underwriting this program, unpacks implications of the agency’s conception of metaphor for understanding so-called cultures of interest, and compares IARPA’s to competing accounts of how metaphor works to create cultural meaning. The article highlights some risks posed by key deficits in the Intelligence Community\u27s (IC) approach to culture, which relies on the cognitive linguistic theories of George Lakoff and colleagues. It also explores the problem of the opacity of these risks for analysts, even as such predictive cultural analytics are becoming a part of intelligence forecasting. This article examines the problem of information secrecy in two ways, by unpacking the opacity of “black box,” algorithm-based social science of culture for end users with little appreciation of their potential biases, and by evaluating the IC\u27s nontransparent approach to foreign cultures, as it underwrites national security assessments
Social Bots: Human-Like by Means of Human Control?
Social bots are currently regarded an influential but also somewhat
mysterious factor in public discourse and opinion making. They are considered
to be capable of massively distributing propaganda in social and online media
and their application is even suspected to be partly responsible for recent
election results. Astonishingly, the term `Social Bot' is not well defined and
different scientific disciplines use divergent definitions. This work starts
with a balanced definition attempt, before providing an overview of how social
bots actually work (taking the example of Twitter) and what their current
technical limitations are. Despite recent research progress in Deep Learning
and Big Data, there are many activities bots cannot handle well. We then
discuss how bot capabilities can be extended and controlled by integrating
humans into the process and reason that this is currently the most promising
way to go in order to realize effective interactions with other humans.Comment: 36 pages, 13 figure
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