Étude de l'équilibre entre les voies métaboliques de l'acide arachidonique dans le myomètre de femmes enceintes à terme

Les voies métaboliques de l'acide arachidonique (AA) produisent divers dérivés qui sont impliqués dans le contrôle de la contraction et de la relaxation des muscles lisses.Les métabolites de l'AA sont produits soit par la voie des cyclooxygénases, des lipoxygénases ou celles des cytochromes P450 époxygénase et [oméga]-hydroxylase. À ce jour, aucune étude n'a analysé les effets des eicosanoïdes produits des cytochromes P450 sur le muscle lisse utérin en fin de grossesse. Le but de cette étude est de comparer les effets des différents sous-produits de l'acide arachidonique sur le myomètre gravide humain en situations physiologiques comme dans le cas du travail prématuré. Plus précisément, les objectifs spécifiques étaient de 1) démontrer l'effet des dérivés de l'AA sur l'activité contractile utérine in vitro à partir de tissus utérins de femmes enceintes et 2) d'explorer l'existence d'un équilibre entre les différentes voies métaboliques. Des biopsies utérines ont été réalisées chez des femmes consentantes bénéficiant d'une césarienne élective. Il s'agit d'une étude qui vise à quantifier les effets des eicosanoïdes exogènes sur le myomètre humain en utilisant un modèle in vitro et des mesures de tensions isométriques. Des effets tocolytiques partiels avec environ 40% d'inhibition ont été quantifiés lors de l'ajout des eicosanoïdes suivants: le 8,9-EET, le 14,15-EET et le 20-HETE.Les protéines du myomètre, des membranes foetales et du placenta ont été extraites et analysées par immunobuvardage.Les enzymes de la voie métabolique des EET sont présentes dans les tissus de la sphère utérine. Par la suite, les effets endogènes des EET et du 20-HETE ont été testés de même que ceux des inhibiteurs enzymatiques associés aux différentes voies métaboliques, seuls ou combinés. Par ailleurs, lors de l'utilisation d'inhibiteur, AUDA et DDMS, il a été possible d'observer des effets tocolytiques (20 à 30%) concordant avec un effet produit par les eicosanoïdes endogènes. Dans un second temps, en étudiant la combinaison des inhibiteurs de LOX et de COX favorisant ainsi un éventuel « shunt » métabolique, il a été possible de quantifier un effet tocolytique additif.Les isoformes des lipoxygénases sont présentes dans le tissu de la sphère utérine. Pour conclure, ces résultats innovateurs ont permis de révéler l'importance de la voie des eicosanoïdes dans l'utérus de femmes enceintes à terme.Les enzymes de la voie métabolique de l'acide arachidonique semblent donc être des cibles pharmacologiques intéressantes dans le traitement du travail préterme

The role of genetics in pre-eclampsia and potential pharmacogenomic interventions

The pregnancy-specific condition pre-eclampsia not only affects the health of mother and baby during pregnancy but also has long-term consequences, increasing the chances of cardiovascular disease in later life. It is accepted that pre-eclampsia has a placental origin, but the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the systemic endothelial dysfunction characteristic of the disorder remain to be determined. In this review we discuss some key factors regarded as important in the development of pre-eclampsia, including immune maladaptation, inadequate placentation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis. Genetic factors influence all of these proposed pathophysiological mechanisms. The inherited nature of pre-eclampsia has been known for many years, and extensive genetic studies have been undertaken in this area. Genetic research offers an attractive strategy for studying the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia as it avoids the ethical and practical difficulties of conducting basic science research during the preclinical phase of pre-eclampsia when the underlying pathological changes occur. Although pharmacogenomic studies have not yet been conducted in pre-eclampsia, a number of studies investigating treatment for essential hypertension are of relevance to therapies used in pre-eclampsia. The pharmacogenomics of antiplatelet agents, alpha and beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate are discussed in relation to the treatment and prevention of pre-eclampsia. Pharmacogenomics offers the prospect of individualized patient treatment, ensuring swift introduction of optimal treatment whilst minimizing the use of inappropriate or ineffective drugs, thereby reducing the risk of harmful effects to both mother and baby

La néoglucogenèse rénale : un nouvel aspect dans la restriction de croissance intra-utérine chez le rat

Bien que l’environnement intra-utérin défavorable soit associé à des conditions pathologiques à l’âge adulte, les mécanismes mis en place in utero ne sont pas encore élucidés. Nous avons établi un modèle de restriction de croissance intra-utérine (RCIU) en donnant une diète faible en sodium à la rate pendant la dernière semaine de gestation. Ce modèle se caractérise par une diminution de perfusion placentaire et une redistribution du flot sanguin, favorisant l’irrigation des organes nobles (cœur et cerveau) au détriment du rein fœtal. De plus, l’expression rénale du facteur de croissance endothéliale vasculaire (VEGF) est diminuée chez le fœtus. L’hypothèse de travail est que la néoglucogenèse hépatique et rénale augmente chez les fœtus RCIU afin de compenser la diminution de perfusion placentaire, et que l’expression rénale des récepteurs de VEGF (Flt-1 et Flk-1) est altérée à la suite de la redistribution du flot sanguin. Nos objectifs étaient de comparer l’expression protéique des enzymes de la néoglucogenèse et des récepteurs de VEGF entre les fœtus témoins et RCIU. L’aldolase B, la fructose-1,6-biphosphatase et la glucose-6-phosphatase augmentent dans les reins de fœtus RCIU par rapport aux témoins alors qu’aucun changement n’est observé dans le foie. De plus, l’expression de ces enzymes est différente selon le sexe du fœtus. Une diminution de Flt-1 est notée dans les reins de fœtus RCIU. Nos résultats démontrent que des adaptations surviennent chez le fœtus à la suite d’une insulte intra-utérine favorisant sa survie mais ayant des conséquences telles que la dysfonction rénale observée chez les adultes de ce modèle animal. À long terme, ces travaux pourront permettre d’entrevoir des avenues pour mieux identifier les approches de prévention lors de naissance à la suite d’une RCIU.An adverse intrauterine environment is associated with several pathological conditions at adult age, however, the mechanisms underlying such a link remain to be elucidated. Feeding a low-sodium diet to dams during the last week of gestation consistently resulted in giving birth to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) offsprings. The present model is characterized by a reduced placental perfusion and a redistribution of a preferential blood flow to the brain and heart at the expense of the kidney. Moreover, renal expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is decreased in the IUGR fetuses. In this view, we hypothesize that the hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis is increased in the IUGR fetus in order to compensate the diminished placental perfusion, and the renal expression of VEGF receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) is altered in response to the redistribution of the blood flow. The specific aim of this study was to compare the protein expression of gluconeogenic enzymes and VEGF receptors between IUGR and control fetuses. Aldolase B, fructose-1,6- biphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase were significantly increased in the IUGR fetal kidneys compared to controls. However, gluconeogenic enzymes did not show any significant change in the IUGR liver. The fetal sex had an impact on the enzymes expression. A decreased expression of Flt-1 was also noted in the kidneys of the IUGR fetuses. Our results pointed out alterations in the fetal life that may be, in a way, essentiel for the survival of the fetus, but somehow, responsible for many pathological consequences at adult age, as the renal dysfunction observed in the present model. For the long term, this work may lead to many future perspectives helping to prevent several diseases, such as hypertension or diabetes for an IUGR case

Nutrition for Brain Development

High-quality primary data publications and review articles have been selected for publication in this Special Issue. They, collectively, draw a comprehensive picture of some of the most relevant questions linking (healthy) nutrition to brain development and brain disorders

Xenobiotic Metabolism Genes and Clubfoot

Idiopathic or isolated clubfoot is a common orthopedic birth defect that affects approximately 135,000 children worldwide. It is characterized by equinus, varus and adductus deformities of the ankle and foot. Correction of clubfoot involves months of serial manipulations, castings and bracing, with surgical correction needed in forty percent of cases. Multifactorial etiology has been suggested in numerous studies with both environmental and genetic factors playing an etiologic role. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the only common environmental factor that has consistently been shown to increase the risk for clubfoot. Moreover, a positive family history of clubfoot and maternal smoking increases the risk of clubfoot twenty fold. These findings suggest that genetic variation in smoking metabolism genes may increase susceptibility to clubfoot. Based on this reasoning, we interrogated eight candidate genes, chosen based on their involvement in phase 1 and 2 cigarette smoke metabolism. Twenty-two SNPs and two null alleles in eight genes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, EPHX1, NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1) were genotyped in a dataset composed of nonHispanic white and Hispanic multiplex and simplex families. Only one SNP in CYP1A1, rs1048943, had significantly altered transmission in the aggregate and multiplex NHW datasets (p=0.003 and p=0.009). Perturbation of CYP1A1 by rs1048943 polymorphism causes an increase in the amount of harmful, adduct forming metabolic intermediates. A significant gene interaction between EPHX1 and NAT2 was also found (p=0.007). This interaction may affect the metabolism of harmful metabolic intermediates. Additionally, marginal interactions were found for other xenobiotic genes and these interactions may play a contributory role in clubfoot. Importantly, for CYP1A2, significant maternal (p=0.03; RR=1.24; 95% CI: 1.04-1.44) and fetal (p=0.01; RR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.13-1.54) genotypic effects were identified suggesting that both maternal and fetal genotypes impact normal limb development. No association was found for maternal smoking status and tobacco metabolism genes. Together, these results suggest that xenobiotic metabolism genes may play a contributory role in the etiology of clubfoot regardless of maternal smoking status and may impact foot development through perturbation of tobacco metabolic pathways

Revisited role of the placenta in bile acid homeostasis.

To date, the discussion concerning bile acids (BAs) during gestation is almost exclusively linked to pregnancy complications such as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) when maternal serum BA levels reach very high concentrations (>100 μM). Generally, the placenta is believed to serve as a protective barrier avoiding exposure of the growing fetus to excessive amounts of maternal BAs that might cause detrimental effects (e.g., intrauterine growth restriction and/or increased vulnerability to metabolic diseases). However, little is known about the precise role of the placenta in BA biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism in healthy pregnancies when serum BAs are at physiological levels (i.e., low maternal and high fetal BA concentrations). It is well known that primary BAs are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and are later modified to secondary BA species by colonic bacteria. Besides the liver, BA synthesis in extrahepatic sites such as the brain elicits neuroprotective actions through inhibition of apoptosis as well as oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Even though historically BAs were thought to be only "detergent molecules" required for intestinal absorption of dietary fats, they are nowadays acknowledged as full signaling molecules. They modulate a myriad of signaling pathways with functional consequences on essential processes such as gluconeogenesis -one of the principal energy sources of the fetus- and cellular proliferation. The current manuscript discusses the potential multipotent roles of physiologically circulating BAs on developmental processes during gestation and provides a novel perspective in terms of the importance of the placenta as a previously unknown source of BAs. Since the principle "not too much, not too little" applicable to other signaling molecules may be also true for BAs, the risks associated with fetal exposure to excessive levels of BAs are discussed