Smart portable pen for continuous monitoring of anaesthetics in human serum with machine learning

Continuous monitoring of anaesthetics infusion is demanded by anaesthesiologists to help in defining personalized dose, hence reducing risks and side effects. We propose the first piece of technology tailored explicitly to close the loop between anaesthesiologist and patient with continuous drug monitoring. Direct detection of drugs is achieved with electrochemical techniques, and several options are present in literature to measure propofol (widely used anaesthetics). Still, the sensors proposed do not enable in-situ detection, they do not provide this information continuously, and they are based on bulky and costly lab equipment. In this paper, we present a novel smart pen-shaped electronic system for continuous monitoring of propofol in human serum. The system consists of a needle-shaped sensor, a quasi digital front-end, a smart machine learning data processing, in a single wireless battery-operated embedded device featuring Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication. The system has been tested and characterized in real, undiluted human serum, at 37°C. The device features a limit of detection of 3.8µM, meeting the requirement of the target application, with an electronics system 59% smaller and 81% less power consuming w.r.t. the state-of-the-art, using a smart machine learning classification for data processing, which guarantees up to twenty continuous measure

IoT and Sensor Networks in Industry and Society

The exponential progress of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is one of the main elements that fueled the acceleration of the globalization pace. Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics are some of the key players of the digital transformation that is affecting every aspect of human's daily life, from environmental monitoring to healthcare systems, from production processes to social interactions. In less than 20 years, people's everyday life has been revolutionized, and concepts such as Smart Home, Smart Grid and Smart City have become familiar also to non-technical users. The integration of embedded systems, ubiquitous Internet access, and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications have paved the way for paradigms such as IoT and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) to be also introduced in high-requirement environments such as those related to industrial processes, under the forms of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT or I2oT) and Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). As a consequence, in 2011 the German High-Tech Strategy 2020 Action Plan for Germany first envisioned the concept of Industry 4.0, which is rapidly reshaping traditional industrial processes. The term refers to the promise to be the fourth industrial revolution. Indeed, the first industrial revolution was triggered by water and steam power. Electricity and assembly lines enabled mass production in the second industrial revolution. In the third industrial revolution, the introduction of control automation and Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) gave a boost to factory production. As opposed to the previous revolutions, Industry 4.0 takes advantage of Internet access, M2M communications, and deep learning not only to improve production efficiency but also to enable the so-called mass customization, i.e. the mass production of personalized products by means of modularized product design and flexible processes. Less than five years later, in January 2016, the Japanese 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan took a further step by introducing the concept of Super Smart Society or Society 5.0. According to this vision, in the upcoming future, scientific and technological innovation will guide our society into the next social revolution after the hunter-gatherer, agrarian, industrial, and information eras, which respectively represented the previous social revolutions. Society 5.0 is a human-centered society that fosters the simultaneous achievement of economic, environmental and social objectives, to ensure a high quality of life to all citizens. This information-enabled revolution aims to tackle today’s major challenges such as an ageing population, social inequalities, depopulation and constraints related to energy and the environment. Accordingly, the citizens will be experiencing impressive transformations into every aspect of their daily lives. This book offers an insight into the key technologies that are going to shape the future of industry and society. It is subdivided into five parts: the I Part presents a horizontal view of the main enabling technologies, whereas the II-V Parts offer a vertical perspective on four different environments. The I Part, dedicated to IoT and Sensor Network architectures, encompasses three Chapters. In Chapter 1, Peruzzi and Pozzebon analyse the literature on the subject of energy harvesting solutions for IoT monitoring systems and architectures based on Low-Power Wireless Area Networks (LPWAN). The Chapter does not limit the discussion to Long Range Wise Area Network (LoRaWAN), SigFox and Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) communication protocols, but it also includes other relevant solutions such as DASH7 and Long Term Evolution MAchine Type Communication (LTE-M). In Chapter 2, Hussein et al. discuss the development of an Internet of Things message protocol that supports multi-topic messaging. The Chapter further presents the implementation of a platform, which integrates the proposed communication protocol, based on Real Time Operating System. In Chapter 3, Li et al. investigate the heterogeneous task scheduling problem for data-intensive scenarios, to reduce the global task execution time, and consequently reducing data centers' energy consumption. The proposed approach aims to maximize the efficiency by comparing the cost between remote task execution and data migration. The II Part is dedicated to Industry 4.0, and includes two Chapters. In Chapter 4, Grecuccio et al. propose a solution to integrate IoT devices by leveraging a blockchain-enabled gateway based on Ethereum, so that they do not need to rely on centralized intermediaries and third-party services. As it is better explained in the paper, where the performance is evaluated in a food-chain traceability application, this solution is particularly beneficial in Industry 4.0 domains. Chapter 5, by De Fazio et al., addresses the issue of safety in workplaces by presenting a smart garment that integrates several low-power sensors to monitor environmental and biophysical parameters. This enables the detection of dangerous situations, so as to prevent or at least reduce the consequences of workers accidents. The III Part is made of two Chapters based on the topic of Smart Buildings. In Chapter 6, Petroșanu et al. review the literature about recent developments in the smart building sector, related to the use of supervised and unsupervised machine learning models of sensory data. The Chapter poses particular attention on enhanced sensing, energy efficiency, and optimal building management. In Chapter 7, Oh examines how much the education of prosumers about their energy consumption habits affects power consumption reduction and encourages energy conservation, sustainable living, and behavioral change, in residential environments. In this Chapter, energy consumption monitoring is made possible thanks to the use of smart plugs. Smart Transport is the subject of the IV Part, including three Chapters. In Chapter 8, Roveri et al. propose an approach that leverages the small world theory to control swarms of vehicles connected through Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication protocols. Indeed, considering a queue dominated by short-range car-following dynamics, the Chapter demonstrates that safety and security are increased by the introduction of a few selected random long-range communications. In Chapter 9, Nitti et al. present a real time system to observe and analyze public transport passengers' mobility by tracking them throughout their journey on public transport vehicles. The system is based on the detection of the active Wi-Fi interfaces, through the analysis of Wi-Fi probe requests. In Chapter 10, Miler et al. discuss the development of a tool for the analysis and comparison of efficiency indicated by the integrated IT systems in the operational activities undertaken by Road Transport Enterprises (RTEs). The authors of this Chapter further provide a holistic evaluation of efficiency of telematics systems in RTE operational management. The book ends with the two Chapters of the V Part on Smart Environmental Monitoring. In Chapter 11, He et al. propose a Sea Surface Temperature Prediction (SSTP) model based on time-series similarity measure, multiple pattern learning and parameter optimization. In this strategy, the optimal parameters are determined by means of an improved Particle Swarm Optimization method. In Chapter 12, Tsipis et al. present a low-cost, WSN-based IoT system that seamlessly embeds a three-layered cloud/fog computing architecture, suitable for facilitating smart agricultural applications, especially those related to wildfire monitoring. We wish to thank all the authors that contributed to this book for their efforts. We express our gratitude to all reviewers for the volunteering support and precious feedback during the review process. We hope that this book provides valuable information and spurs meaningful discussion among researchers, engineers, businesspeople, and other experts about the role of new technologies into industry and society

CYBEREDUCATION-BY-DESIGN™: DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR CYBERSECURITY EDUCATION AT SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN ARIZONA

Most survey results agree that there is a current and ongoing shortage of skilled cybersecurity workers that places our privacy, infrastructure, and nation at risk. Estimates for the global Cybersecurity Workforce Gap range from 2.72 million (ISC2, 2021) to 3.5 million (Cyber Academy, 2021) for 2021 and the United States estimates range from 465,000 (Brooks, 2021) to over 769,000 (Cyber Seek, 2022) open jobs as of November 2022. The most optimistic estimates still demonstrate a critical issue. As cybersecurity threats continue to grow in sophistication, scope, and scale, the ability to secure the United States from these threats lies in the ability to develop cybersecurity professionals with the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) to accomplish the tasks associated with their cyber roles. The ability to supply qualified cybersecurity professionals is outpaced by the growing demand as previously outlined. This study proposes that conducting a case study of existing cybersecurity programs at secondary education institutions can identify the critical elements of these programs. These elements can be codified into program profiles and further refined into a comprehensive cybersecurity education framework for secondary education institutions. This framework can be used by school districts throughout Arizona to develop cybersecurity programs and ultimately develop qualified and competent cybersecurity professionals to overcome the cybersecurity workforce gap

On Providing Energy-efficient Data Transmission to Mobile Devices

The transformation from telephony to mobile Internet has fundamentally changed the way we interact with the world by delivering ubiquitous Internet access and reasonable cost of connectivity. The mobile networks and Internet services are supportive of each other and together drive a fast development of new services and the whole ecosystem. As a result, the number of mobile subscribers has skyrocketed to a magnitude of billions, and the volume of mobile traffic has boomed up to a scale no-one has seen before with exponential growth predictions. However, the opportunities and problems are both rising. Therefore, to enable sustainable growth of the mobile Internet and continued mobile service adaption, this thesis proposes solutions to ensure that the reduction of overall environmental presence and the level of QoE are mutually addressed by providing energy-efficient data transmission to mobile devices. It is important to understand the characteristics of power consumption of mobile data transmission to find opportunities to balance the energy consumption and the growth of mobile services and the data volumes. This research started with power consumption measurements of various radio interfaces and investigations of the trade-off between computation and communication of modern mobile devices. Power consumption models, state machines and the conditions for energy-efficient mobile data transmission were proposed to guide the development of energy-saving solutions. This research has then employed the defined guideline to optimise data transmission for energy-efficient mobile web access. Proxy-based solutions are presented in this thesis, utilising several strategies: bundling-enabled traffic shaping to optimise TCP behaviour over congested wireless links and keep the radio interface in low power consumption states as much as possible, offloading HTTP-object fetching to shorten the time of DNS lookups and web content downloading, and applying selective compression on HTTP payload to further reduce energy consumption of mobile data transmission. As a result, the solutions dramatically reduce the energy consumption of mobile web access and download time, yet maintain or even increase user experience

Performance analysis for wireless G (IEEE 802.11G) and wireless N (IEEE 802.11N) in outdoor environment

This paper described an analysis the different capabilities and limitation of both IEEE technologies that has been utilized for data transmission directed to mobile device. In this work, we have compared an IEEE 802.11/g/n outdoor environment to know what technology is better. The comparison consider on coverage area (mobility), throughput and measuring the interferences. The work presented here is to help the researchers to select the best technology depending of their deploying case, and investigate the best variant for outdoor. The tool used is Iperf software which is to measure the data transmission performance of IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11g

Performance Analysis For Wireless G (IEEE 802.11 G) And Wireless N (IEEE 802.11 N) In Outdoor Environment

This paper described an analysis the different capabilities and limitation of both IEEE technologies that has been utilized for data transmission directed to mobile device. In this work, we have compared an IEEE 802.11/g/n outdoor environment to know what technology is better. the comparison consider on coverage area (mobility), through put and measuring the interferences. The work presented here is to help the researchers to select the best technology depending of their deploying case, and investigate the best variant for outdoor. The tool used is Iperf software which is to measure the data transmission performance of IEEE 802.11n and IEEE 802.11g

INTER-ENG 2020

These proceedings contain research papers that were accepted for presentation at the 14th International Conference Inter-Eng 2020 ,Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, which was held on 8–9 October 2020, in Târgu Mureș, Romania. It is a leading international professional and scientific forum for engineers and scientists to present research works, contributions, and recent developments, as well as current practices in engineering, which is falling into a tradition of important scientific events occurring at Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology in the George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, Romania. The Inter-Eng conference started from the observation that in the 21st century, the era of high technology, without new approaches in research, we cannot speak of a harmonious society. The theme of the conference, proposing a new approach related to Industry 4.0, was the development of a new generation of smart factories based on the manufacturing and assembly process digitalization, related to advanced manufacturing technology, lean manufacturing, sustainable manufacturing, additive manufacturing, and manufacturing tools and equipment. The conference slogan was “Europe’s future is digital: a broad vision of the Industry 4.0 concept beyond direct manufacturing in the company”

Liquid Metal Printing with Scanning Probe Lithography for Printed Electronics

In den letzten Jahren hat das „Internet der Dinge“ (Englisch Internet of Things, abgekürzt IoT), das auch als Internet of Everything (Deutsch frei „Internet von Allem“) bezeichnet wird, mit dem Aufkommen der „Industrie 4.0“ einen Strom innovativer und intelligenter sensorgestützter Elektronik der neuen Generation in den Alltag gebracht. Dies erfordert auch die Herstellung einer riesigen Anzahl von elektronischen Bauteilen, einschließlich Sensoren, Aktoren und anderen Komponenten. Gleichzeitig ist die herkömmliche Elektronikfertigung zu einem hochkomplexen und investitionsintensiven Prozess geworden. In dem Maße, wie die Zahl der elektronischen Bauteile und die Nachfrage nach neuen, fortschrittlicheren elektronischen Bauteilen zunimmt, steigt auch die Notwendigkeit, effizientere und nachhaltigere Wege zur Herstellung dieser Bauteile zu finden. Die gedruckte Elektronik ist ein wachsender Markt, der diese Nachfrage befriedigen und die Zukunft der Herstellung von elektronischen Geräten neu gestalten könnte. Sie erlaubt eine einfache und kostengünstige Produktion und ermöglicht die Herstellung von Geräten auf Papier- oder Kunststoffsubstraten. Für die Herstellung gibt es dabei eine Vielzahl von Methoden. Techniken auf der Grundlage der Rastersondenlithografie waren dabei schon immer Teil der gedruckten Elektronik und haben zu Innovationen in diesem Bereich geführt. Obwohl die Technologie noch jung ist und der derzeitige Stand der gedruckten Elektronik im industriellen Maßstab, wie z. B. die Herstellung kompletter integrierter Schaltkreise, stark limitiert ist, sind die potenziellen Anwendungen enorm. Im Mittelpunkt der Entwicklung gedruckter elektronischer Schaltungen steht der Druck leitfähiger und anderer funktionaler Materialien. Die meisten der derzeit verfügbaren Arbeiten haben sich dabei auf die Verwendung von Tinten auf Nanopartikelbasis konzentriert. Die Herstellungsschritte auf der Grundlage von Tinten auf Nanopartikelbasis sind komplizierte Prozesse, da sie das Ausglühen (Englisch Annealing) und weitere Nachbearbeitungsschritte umfassen, um die gedruckten Muster leitfähig zu machen. Die Verwendung von Gallium-basierten, bei/nahe Raumtemperatur flüssigen Metallen und deren direktes Schreiben für vollständig gedruckte Elektronik ist immer noch ungewöhnlich, da die Kombination aus dem Vorhandensein einer Oxidschicht, hohen Oberflächenspannungen und Viskosität ihre Handhabung erschwert. Zu diesem Zweck zielt diese Arbeit darauf ab, Methoden zum Drucken von Materialien, einschließlich Flüssigmetallen, zu entwickeln, die mit den verfügbaren Druckmethoden nicht oder nur schwer gedruckt werden können und diese Methoden zur Herstellung vollständig gedruckter elektronischer Bauteile zu verwenden. Weiter werden Lösungen für Probleme während des Druckprozesses untersucht, wie z. B. die Haftung der Tinte auf dem Substrat und andere abscheidungsrelevante Aspekte. Es wird auch versucht, wissenschaftliche Fragen zur Stabilität von gedruckten elektronischen Bauelementen auf Flüssigmetallbasis zu beantworten. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine auf Glaskapillaren basierenden Direktschreibmethode für das Drucken von Flüssigmetallen, hier Galinstan, entwickelt. Die Methode wurde auf zwei unterschiedlichen Wegen implementiert: Einmal in einer „Hochleistungsversion“, basierend auf einem angepassten Nanolithographiegerät, aber ebenfalls in einer hochflexiblen, auf Mikromanipulatoren basierenden Version. Dieser Aufbau erlaubt einen on-the-fly („im Fluge“) kapillarbasierten Druck auf einer breiten Palette von Geometrien, wie am Beispiel von vertikalen, vertieften Oberflächen sowie gestapelten 3D-Gerüsten als schwer zugängliche Oberflächen gezeigt wird. Die Arbeit erkundet den potenziellen Einsatz dieser Methode für die Herstellung von vollständig gedruckten durch Flüssigmetall ermöglichten Bauteilen, einschließlich Widerständen, Mikroheizer, p-n-Dioden und Feldeffekttransistoren. Alle diese elektronischen Bauelemente werden ausführlich charakterisiert. Die hergestellten Mikroheizerstrukturen werden für temperaturgeschaltete Mikroventile eingesetzt, um den Flüssigkeitsstrom in einem Mikrokanal zu kontrollieren. Diese Demonstration und die einfache Herstellung zeigt, dass das Konzept auch auf andere Anwendungen, wie z.B. die bedarfsgerechte Herstellung von Mikroheizern für in-situ Rasterelektronenmikroskop-Experimente, ausgeweitet werden kann. Darüber hinaus zeigt diese Arbeit, wie PMMA-Verkapselung als effektive Barriere gegen Sauerstoff und Feuchtigkeit fungiert und zusätzlich als brauchbarer mechanischer Schutz der auf Flüssigmetall basierenden gedruckten elektronischen Bauteile wirken kann. Insgesamt zeigen der alleinstehende, integrierte Herstellungsablauf und die Funktionalität der Geräte, dass das Potenzial des Flüssigmetall-Drucks in der gedruckten Elektronik viel größer ist als einzig die Verwendung zur Verbindung konventioneller elektronischer Bauteile. Neben der Entwicklung von Druckverfahren und der Herstellung elektronischer Bauteile befasst sich die Arbeit auch mit der Korrosion und der zusätzlichen Legierung von konventionellen Metallelektroden in Kontakt mit Flüssigmetallen, welche die Stabilität der Bauteil beinträchtigen könnten. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine korrelierte Materialinteraktionsstudie von gedruckten Galinstan- und Goldelektroden durchgeführt. Durch die kombinierte Anwendung von optischer Mikroskopie, vertikaler Rasterinterferometrie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, Röntgenphotonenspektroskopie und Rasterkraftmikroskopie konnte der Ausbreitungsprozess von Flüssigmetalllinien auf Goldfilmen eingehend charakterisiert werden. Diese Studie zeigt eine unterschiedliche Ausbreitung der verschiedenen Komponenten des Flüssigmetalls sowie die Bildung von intermetallischen Nanostrukturen auf der umgebenden Goldfilmoberfläche. Auf der Grundlage der erhaltenen zeitabhängigen, korrelierten Charakterisierungsergebnisse wird ein Modell für den Ausbreitungsprozess vorgeschlagen, das auf dem Eindringen des Flüssigmetalls in den Goldfilm basiert. Um eine ergänzende Perspektive auf die interne Nanostruktur zu erhalten, wurde die Röntgen-Nanotomographie eingesetzt, um die Verteilung von Gold, Galinstan und intermetallischen Phasen in einem in das Flüssigmetall getauchten Golddraht zu untersuchen. Schlussendlich werden Langzeitmessungen des Widerstands an Flüssigmetallleitungen, die Goldelektroden verbinden, durchgeführt, was dazu beiträgt, die Auswirkungen von Materialwechselwirkungen auf elektronische Anwendungen zu bewerten

Proceedings of the European Conference on Agricultural Engineering AgEng2021

This proceedings book results from the AgEng2021 Agricultural Engineering Conference under auspices of the European Society of Agricultural Engineers, held in an online format based on the University of Évora, Portugal, from 4 to 8 July 2021. This book contains the full papers of a selection of abstracts that were the base for the oral presentations and posters presented at the conference. Presentations were distributed in eleven thematic areas: Artificial Intelligence, data processing and management; Automation, robotics and sensor technology; Circular Economy; Education and Rural development; Energy and bioenergy; Integrated and sustainable Farming systems; New application technologies and mechanisation; Post-harvest technologies; Smart farming / Precision agriculture; Soil, land and water engineering; Sustainable production in Farm buildings

Engineering Sustainability for the Future

The 38th International Manufacturing Conference, IMC38, showcases current research in the field of "manufacturing engineering" undertaken in Ireland by postgraduate students and experienced researchers. Indicative topics, in line with the contents of these proceedings, include; sustainable and energy efficient manufacturing, additive manufacturing, Industry 4.0 and digital manufacturing, machine tool, automation and manufacturing system design, surface engineering, forming and joining process research. The IMC community is also involved in research aimed at improving the learning experience of undergraduate and graduate engineers and developing high level skills for the manufacturing engineer of the future. The theme for this year’s conference is Sustainable Manufacturing, with a particular emphasis on a) Digitalisation of Manufacturing – its impact on sustainability and b) Addressing sustainability in Engineering Education, Industrial Training and CPD.Science Foundation Irelan